Smoking is Associated with Reduced Leptin and Neuropeptide Y Levels and Higher Pain Experience in Patients with Fibromyalgia

Table 1

Clinical and demographic characteristics of patients with fibromyalgia .

Age, years	51 [46.2–55.8]
Duration of symptoms, years	10 [8–15]
Pain (VAS, mm)	71 [57–83]
Fatigue (VAS, mm)	82 [67–92]
TP,	15 [13.2–16]
12-13, (%)	16 (26)
14–16, (%)	33 (53)
17-18, (%)	13 (21)
Pain threshold, kPa	199 [159–236]
Smoking habits:
smokers, (%)	18 (29)
ex-smokers, (%)	25 (40)
Smoking cessation, years	13 [6–17]
Nonsmokers, (%)	19 (31)
BMI, kg/m^2	28.1 [26.1–30.5]
Medication:
analgesics, NSAID, (%)	51 (82)
antidepressive, sedative, sleep, (%)	41 (66)

TP, 18 standard tender points. Median and interquartile range are indicated.