Smoking is Associated with Reduced Leptin and Neuropeptide Y Levels and Higher Pain Experience in Patients with Fibromyalgia

Table 2

Levels of adipokines and IGF-1 in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid of smokers and nonsmokers.

		Current smokers; Blood,; CSF,	Nonsmokers; Blood,; CSF,	Ex-smokers; Blood,; CSF,
Leptin, ng/mL; md [IQR]	Blood	19.4 [11.7–28.7]^££	28.8 [16.4–48.0]	36.8 [28.0–55.7]
	CSF	104 [91–151]	165 [114–225]	178 [104–244]
Resistin, ng/mL; md [IQR]	Blood	14.0 [12.2–17.9]	14.6 [13.2–17.2]	16.5 [14.0–23.8]
	CSF	18.7 [11.7–32.5]	0.0 [0.0-0.0]	24.3 [0.0–32.7]
Adiponectin, g/mL; md [IQR]	Blood	4.6 [3.7–14.2]	4.8 [3.0–7.3]	4.9 [2.7–9.3]
	CSF	0.97 [0.75–1.25]	0.77 [0.64–0.96]	0.86 [0.71–1.03]
Visfatin, ng/mL; md [IQR]	Blood	1.32 [1.11–1.65]*	1.91 [1.34–2.94]	1.33 [1.17–1.72]
	CSF	below det. limit	below det. limit	below det. limit
IGF-1, ng/mL; md [IQR]	Blood	2.7 [2.0–4.3]*	4.8 [4.1–8.8]^$$	2.5 [1.6–4.2]
	CSF	below det. limit	below det. limit	below det. limit
NPY, pg/mL; md [IQR]	Blood	117 [95.9–139]	86.3 [78.5–115]	142 [85.6–180]
	CSF	36.5 [23.3–49.6]	24.5 [16.0–36.9]	29.5 [16.8–36.3]
Substance P, pg/mL; md [IQR]	Blood	8.4 [4.3–17.4]	22.0 [9.4–30.8]	16.0 [4.3–46.0]
	CSF	6.3 [2.3–8.8]	5.1 [2.2–6.9]	3.2 [1.0–5.8]

IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor 1. Median, interquartile range, and values (Kruskal-Wallis with Dunn’s post hoc) are indicated.
*Current smokers versus non-smokers , ^$$non-smokers versus ex smokers, , ^££current smokers versus ex smokers .