Mediators of Inflammation

Review Article

Chagas Disease Cardiomyopathy: Immunopathology and Genetics

Table 1

Cytokine and chemokine expression in Chagas disease and animal models.
Cytokines/chemokinesPhase (acute/chronic/IND/severe/moderate CCC)Host (mouse/human)Organ/cell typeReference
IFN-Severe CCCHumanMononuclear cells[15, 35]
IFN-Severe CCCHumanMyocardium[39, 103]
IFN-Severe CCCHumanHeart-infiltrating T cells[15]
IFN-IND, Severe CCCHumanPlasma[15, 33, 81]
TNF-Severe CCCHumanMononuclear cells[15, 35]
TNF-Severe CCCHumanHeart-infiltrating T cells[15]
TNF-Severe CCCHumanMyocardium[39, 103]
TNF-IND and Severe CCCHumanPlasma[15, 33, 81]
IFN-Acute/chronicMouseHeart[104–106]
TNF-Acute/chronicMouseHeart[42]
IL-6Severe CCCHumanHeart-infiltrating T cells[15, 39, 103]
IL-2Severe CCCHumanHeart-infiltrating T cells[15, 39, 103]
IL-4Severe CCCHumanHeart-infiltrating T cells[15, 39, 103]
IL-10Severe CCCHumanHeart-infiltrating T cells[15, 39, 103]
IL-7Severe CCCHumanMyocardium[40]
IL-15Severe CCCHumanMyocardium[40]
IL-12AcuteMouseMononuclear cells[75]
IL-18AcuteMouseMononuclear cells[107]
IL-10AcuteMouseMononuclear cells[26–28]
TGF-AcuteMouseMononuclear cells[26–28]
IL-17ChronicMouseMononuclear cells[29]
CCL2, CXCL10, CXCL9 (mRNA)Severe CCCHumanMyocardium[38]
CCR2, CXCR3 (mRNA)Severe CCCHumanMyocardium[38]
CCR5, CXCR3Severe CCC, INDHumanMononuclear cells[108]
CCL5, CXCL9, CXCL10ChronicMouseCardiomyocytes[109]
CCR5ChronicMouseHeart[25, 83]
CCL5, CCL4, CXCR3 (mRNA)ChronicDogHeart[110]