Molecule Distribution (tissue/cell) Functions Reference ATF1 (i) Ubiquitous, high in thyroid (ii) Nucleus Regulation of malignant melanoma [14 ] ATF2 (i) Ubiquitous (ii) Nucleus and cytoplasm See Sections 2 , 3 , and 4 ATF3 (i) Ubiquitous (i) Inhibition of MCP-1, HMGB1, and CCL4 [14 , 15 ] (ii) High in placenta, pancreas, and lung (ii) Regulation of cerebral ischemia, glial inflammation, kidney, and lung injury [16 –21 ] (iii) Nucleus (iii) Pancreatic
-cells signaling, SFA/TLR4 signaling [22 , 23 ] ATF4 (i) Ubiquitous (ii) Nucleus Regulation of retinal inflammation and cytokine production in diabetes; involvement of complex formation to PKA promoter; regulation of IL-8 expression; involvement in Nrf2-ARE signaling [24 –27 ] ATF5 (i) Ubiquitous (ii) High in liver, lung, adipose tissue, heart, and skeletal muscle (iii) Nucleus and cytoplasm (i) Regulation of GR signaling pathway (ii) Involvement in various cancers [28 ] [29 ] ATF6 (i) Liver, serum, plasma, platelets, and cancer cells (i) Involvement in AKT-NF-
B activation signaling [30 ] (ii) Nucleus (ii) Induction of UPR in CF [31 ] ATF7 (i) Liver, plasma, platelets, and cancer tissues (i) Involvement in vitamin D response in Paget’s disease [32 ] (ii) Nucleus and cytoplasm (ii) Repressor of E-selectin/NF-ELAM1/delta-A promoter [33 ] CRE-BP
(CREB5) (i) Liver, plasma, and platelet (ii) HEK293 Involvement in adipocyte differentiation [34 ]