The Regulatory Role of Activating Transcription Factor 2 in Inflammation

Table 1

ATF family members and their functions in immune responses.

Molecule	Distribution (tissue/cell)	Functions	Reference
ATF1	(i) Ubiquitous, high in thyroid; (ii) Nucleus	Regulation of malignant melanoma	[14]
ATF2	(i) Ubiquitous; (ii) Nucleus and cytoplasm	See Sections 2, 3, and 4
ATF3	(i) Ubiquitous	(i) Inhibition of MCP-1, HMGB1, and CCL4	[14, 15]
	(ii) High in placenta, pancreas, and lung	(ii) Regulation of cerebral ischemia, glial inflammation, kidney, and lung injury	[16–21]
	(iii) Nucleus	(iii) Pancreatic 𝛽-cells signaling, SFA/TLR4 signaling	[22, 23]
ATF4	(i) Ubiquitous; (ii) Nucleus	Regulation of retinal inflammation and cytokine production in diabetes; involvement of complex formation to PKA promoter; regulation of IL-8 expression; involvement in Nrf2-ARE signaling	[24–27]
ATF5	(i) Ubiquitous; (ii) High in liver, lung, adipose tissue, heart, and skeletal muscle; (iii) Nucleus and cytoplasm	(i) Regulation of GR signaling pathway; (ii) Involvement in various cancers	[28]; [29]
ATF6	(i) Liver, serum, plasma, platelets, and cancer cells	(i) Involvement in AKT-NF-𝜅B activation signaling	[30]
	(ii) Nucleus	(ii) Induction of UPR in CF	[31]
ATF7	(i) Liver, plasma, platelets, and cancer tissues	(i) Involvement in vitamin D response in Paget’s disease	[32]
	(ii) Nucleus and cytoplasm	(ii) Repressor of E-selectin/NF-ELAM1/delta-A promoter	[33]
CRE-BP𝛼; (CREB5)	(i) Liver, plasma, and platelet; (ii) HEK293	Involvement in adipocyte differentiation	[34]

MCP-1: monocyte chemotactic protein-1, HMGB1: high mobility group box-1 protein, CCL4: macrophage inflammatory protein-1 beta, SFA: saturated fact acid, TLR4: toll-like receptor 4, CF: Cystic fibrosis, UPR: unfolded protein response, GR: glucocorticoid receptor.