Metformin Attenuates Experimental Autoimmune Arthritis through Reciprocal Regulation of Th17/Treg Balance and Osteoclastogenesis
Figure 1
Therapeutic effects of metformin in CIA model. CIA was induced in C57BL/6 mice. Metformin 5 mg/mice () or saline () was oral feed three times into CIA in a week. Mice were sacrificed on day 70 after first immunization. (a) Clinical arthritis scores were determined. (b) The joint tissues from CIA: metformin-treated CIA mice were stained with H&E, safranin O, and toluidine blue (original magnification, ×200). The average histopathological score is shown in bar graphs (below) (scale bar = 100 μm). (c) Immunohistochemical detection of IL-17, IL-6, and TNF- was stained in the synovium of CIA and metformin-treated CIA. All tissues were counterstained with hematoxylin (original magnification, ×400). All images were obtained for each mouse (), showing representative images (scale bar = 50 μm). (d) Mice serum was obtained on day 30 after CII immunization. The serum obtained after first immunization. The levels of IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a antibodies were measured from each group. Mean ± SD of three independent experiments (; ).
