Metformin Attenuates Experimental Autoimmune Arthritis through Reciprocal Regulation of Th17/Treg Balance and Osteoclastogenesis
Figure 4
Metformin inhibits osteoclast formation in CIA mice. (a) Joint tissues of CIA control mice () and metformin-treated CIA () were stained with anti-RANKL and anti-RANK antibodies 70 days after the first immunization. All images were obtained for each mouse (), showing representative images (scale bar = 50 μm). (b) Isolated preosteoclasts from each group were cultured with 10 ng/mL M-CSF and/or 50 ng/mL RANK. Differentiated osteoclasts were stained with TRAP. The TRAP+ cells were indicated in graph (right) (scale bar = 200 μm). (c) The mRNA expressions of TRAP, MMP-9, calcitonin receptor, cathepsin K, and integrin 3 as osteoclast markers were quantified by real-time PCR. Data are presented as the mean ± SD of four independent experiments (; ; ).
