|
Affected compartment | Cause | Intervention | Phenotype | Reference |
|
|
Genetic alteration | | | |
|
Hematopoiesis | | TNF-α deletion | Attenuation of MPN development | [28] |
Hematopoiesis | | | Myelofibrosis | [29] |
Hematopoiesis | | TGF-β inhibition | Restored hematopoiesis, reduced fibrosis | [30] |
Hematopoiesis | with | TGF-β inhibition | Restored hematopoiesis | [31] |
Hematopoiesis | NFE2 overexpression/mutations | | MPN, sAML | [32, 33] |
Gastrointestinal mucosa | APC mutations | | Colorectal cancer | Reviewed in [34] |
Gastrointestinal mucosa | APCΔ716 | COX-2 knockout | Suppression of intestinal polyposis | [35] |
Gastrointestinal mucosa | APCΔ716 | PGE2-receptor-2 knockout | Suppression of intestinal polyposis | [36] |
Gastrointestinal mucosa | APCΔ716 | Prostaglandin synthase knockout | Suppression of intestinal polyposis | [37] |
Gastrointestinal mucosa | APCΔ716 | 15-prostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PDGH) knockout | Disease exacerbation | [38] |
Gastrointestinal mucosa | APCΔ716 | Deletion of either IL-17, IL-6, CCR2, TNFR, or p55 | Suppression of intestinal polyposis | [39–42] |
|
|
Infectious cause | | | |
|
Hematopoiesis cell intrinsic and extrinsic | TLR activation by bacterial infection | | HSC exhaustion | [12] |
|
|
Chemical cause | | | |
|
Gastrointestinal mucosa | Azoxymethane (AOM) Dextran Sodium Sulfate (DSS) | | Colitis associated colon cancer (CAC) | Reviewed in [34] |
Gastrointestinal mucosa | Azoxymethane (AOM) | COX-2 transgene | Increased development of tumors | [43] |
Gastrointestinal mucosa | Azoxymethane (AOM) Dextran Sodium Sulfate (DSS) | COX-2 deletion | Increased development of tumors | [44] |
Gastrointestinal mucosa | AOM or DSS plus deletion of either IL-17, IL-6, CCR2, TNFR, or p55 | | Suppression of CAC | [39–42] |
|