Transforming Growth Factor Beta Family: Insight into the Role of Growth Factors in Regulation of Fracture Healing Biology and Potential Clinical Applications

Figure 3

TGF-β associated intracellular canonical and noncanonical signaling pathways. Perpendicular line indicates an inhibitory effect; TGF-β: transforming growth factor beta; TβRI: transforming growth factor, beta receptor type I; TβRII: transforming growth factor, beta receptor type II; P: phosphate group; SARA: Smad anchor for receptor activation; Smad2/3: Smad family member 2/3; Smad6/7: Smad family member 6/7; Smad4: Smad family member 4.