Improved Fracture Healing in Patients with Concomitant Traumatic Brain Injury: Proven or Not?

Table 1

Investigated substances.

Cytokines and growth factors		Mesenchymal stem cells	Genes	Hormones	Proteins and enzymes	Others
IGF-1; IGFBP-3; IL-1(β); IL-4; IL-5; IL-6; IL-13; TNF-α; CCL-2 (MCP-1); CCL-20; CXCL1; TGF-β; BMP2	BMP4; OP-1 (BMP7); rhBMP (−2/−7); VEGF; RANKL; OPG; M-CSF; IGF-II; PDGF; BFGF	hMSC; C3H10T1/2-cells; MC3T3-cells; NIH3T3-cells; hFOB cells; BMSC; PP1-cells; PP6-cells	ALP; CATK; RUNK-2; LacZ	Leptin; Corticosteroids; Calcitonin; CGRP (calcitonin-gene-related peptide); Thyroxin; Parathyroid hormone; Androgens; Growth hormone; Prolactin	Alkaline phosphatase; Precursor type I collagen; CRP; Osterix protein (Sp7)	Calcium; Phosphate