Glycyrrhizic Acid Promotes M1 Macrophage Polarization in Murine Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophages Associated with the Activation of JNK and NF-κB

Figure 1

Determination of the noncytotoxic dose of GA. (a) BMDMs were incubated with GA at range from 0 to 800 μg/mL for 48 h. Cell viability was determined by MTT method. The results are expressed as the percentage of viable cells and represent mean ± SD of eight samples. (b) Cell death was confirmed by measuring the release of the cytosolic marker LDH. BMDMs were treated with PBS, GA (100 μg/mL), IFN-γ (15 ng/mL) + LPS (15 ng/mL), and IL-4 (20 ng/mL) for 48 h, and LDH activity in the supernatant was measured as described in Section 2. , (-test).

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