Markers of Inflammation Associated with Plaque Progression and Instability in Patients with Carotid Atherosclerosis

Figure 1

Summary of the main biomarkers associated with different stages and manifestation of carotid atherosclerosis. CCA: common carotid artery; ICA: internal carotid artery; ECA: external carotid artery; IL: interleukin; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; OxLDL: oxidized low-density lipoprotein; ESR: erythrocyte sedimentation rate; hs-CRP: high sensitivity C-reactive protein; sVCAM-1: soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1; LpPLA2: lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2; TNF-: tumour necrosis factor alpha; MMP: matrix metalloproteinase; TIMP-1: tissue inhibitor of matrix proteinases; suPAR: soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor; LTL: leukocyte telomere length; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor.