Review Article

Fibrosis Related Inflammatory Mediators: Role of the IL-10 Cytokine Family

Table 2

Involvement of the members of IL-10 cytokine family in pulmonary, renal, intestinal, heart, and liver fibrosis.

IL-10 family member LungKidneyIntestineHeartLiver

IL-10IL-10 KO (mouse): inflammation ↑ [47]  
BLEO-induced pulmonary fibrosis (mouse) + IL-10: TGF- ↓ [48]  
IPF (human): serum IL-10 ↑ [49]  
ILD (human): BAL IL-10 ↑ [5052]
UUO IL-10 KO (mouse): fibrosis ↑ and inflammatory chemokines ↑ [53]  
UUO (mouse) + IL-10 in hyaluronic acid hydrogels: fibrosis ↓ [54, 55]
IBD (human): serum, mucosa IL-10 ↑/→ [5658]  
IL-10 loss of function mutation: IBD ↑ [59]  
IBD + IL-10: dose dependent improvement of disease activity [60, 61]
Isoproterenol-induced fibrosis IL-10 KO (mouse): fibrosis ↑ [62]  
Isoproterenol-induced fibrosis (mouse) + IL-10: fibrosis ↓ [63]  
Myocarditis (dog): serum IL-10 ↓ and fibrosis ↑ [64]  
Autoimmune myocarditis + IL-10 (mouse): fibrosis ↓ [65]
Acute, chronic liver injury (mouse): IL-10 ↑ [66]  
IL-10 KO + CCl4: fibrosis ↑ [67, 68]  
Thioacetamide-induced liver fibrosis + IL-10 gene therapy (mouse): fibrosis ↓ [69]

IL-19CKD (human): urinary IL-19 ↑ [70]  
Nephrotoxic agents (epithelial cells): IL-19 ↑ [70]  
Renal tubular epithelial cells + IL-19: apoptosis ↑ [71]
IBD (human): serum IL-19 ↓ [72]  
IL-19 KO (mouse): fibrosis ↑ [73]

IL-20CKD (human): urinary IL-20 ↑ [74]  
Nephrotoxic agents (renal epithelial cells): IL-20 ↑ [75]  
Renal tubular epithelial cells + IL-20: apoptosis ↑ [75]
Active IBD (human): serum, mucosa IL-20 ↑ [76] Liver fibrosis (human): IL-20 ↑ [77]  
CCl4-induced liver fibrosis (mouse): IL-20 ↑ [77]  
CCl4-induced liver fibrosis + IL-20 neutralizing sb/IL-20 KO: fibrosis ↓ [77]

IL-22BLEO-induced pulmonary fibrosis (mouse) + IL-22: fibrosis ↓ [78]  
BLEO-induced pulmonary fibrosis (mouse) + IL-22 neutralizing ab: fibrosis ↑ [78]  
HP (mouse) + IL22: fibrosis ↓ [79]  
HP (mouse) + IL22 neutralizing ab: fibrosis ↑ [79]
I/R (mouse): serum IL-22 ↑ [80]  
I/R (mouse) + IL-22: tubulointerstitial injury ↓ [80]
IBD (human) serum, mucosa IL-22 ↑ [81]  
DSS colitis (mouse) + IL-22 neutralizing ab: inflammation ↑ [82]  
DSS colitis IL-22 KO (mouse): inflammation ↑ [83]
Dilated cardiomyopathy, cardiac fibrosis (mouse): IL-22 ↑ [84]  
Cardiac fibrosis (mouse) + IL-22 neutralizing ab: fibrosis ↓ [84]
Ethanol-induced liver fibrosis (mouse) + IL-22: liver injury ↓, antiapoptotic, antioxidant genes ↑ [85, 86]  
High fat diet (mouse) + IL-22: liver TNF- ↓ [87]  
CCl4-induced liver fibrosis (mouse) + IL-22: fibrosis ↓ [88]  
Concanavalin-induced hepatitis + IL-22 neutralizing ab: liver injury ↑ [89]  
HCV and alcoholic liver fibrosis (human): serum, liver IL-22 ↑ [90]

IL-24Active IBD (human): serum IL-24 ↑ [91]  
HT-29 + IL-24: membrane-bound mucin-1, mucin-3, and mucin-4 ↑ [92]

IL-26IBD (human): serum IL-26 ↑ [93]

IL-28

IL-29

ab: antibody; BAL: bronchoalveolar lavage; BLEO: bleomycin; CCl4: carbon tetrachloride; CKD: chronic kidney disease; DSS: dextran-sodium-sulphate; HCV: hepatitis C virus; HP: hypersensitive pneumonitis; HT-29: colonic epithelial cell line; I/R: ischaemia-reperfusion; IBD: inflammatory bowel disease; IL: interleukin; ILD: interstitial lung disease; IPF: idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis; KO: knockout; r: recombinant; TGF: tumor growth factor; TNF: tumor necrosis factor; UUO: ureteral obstruction.