Cancer as a Proinflammatory Environment: Metastasis and Cachexia

Table 1

Summary of the effect of some factors involved in the development of cancer cachexia and metastasis.

Factor	Action	Reference
Ghrelin	↑ in cachexia cancer patients	[11]
	↓ Myostatin	[12]
Myostatin	↑ in Cancer/Cachexia	[13, 14]
	↑ Proteolysis	[15–17]
Leptin	Contribute to metastasis	[18]
	Regulate neoangiogenesis	[19, 20]
HIF	↑ Apoptosis	[21]
	↑ Angiogenesis	[21]
	↑ Proliferation tumour cells	[22]
	↑ IL-6, leptin, TNF-α, and ANGPTL-4	[23, 24]
	Contribute to metastasis	[23–26]
	↑ Glycolysis	[27]
	↑ VEGF, endothelins, IL-8, and EMAP II	[28]
	↑ M2 ↓ T cells response	[29]
IL-6	Contribute to metastasis	[30–32]
	↑ Proteolysis and atrophy muscle mass	[33, 34]
	↓ Food intake and ↑ energy expenditure	[35–37]
TNF-α	↑ Proteolysis	[38, 39]
	Contribute to angiogenesis	[40]
	Stimulate apoptosis	[41]
	↓ Food intake and ↑ energy expenditure	[42]
ANGPTL-4	Contribute to angiogenesis	[43]
	Contribute to metastasis	[43–47]
	↑ Lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation	[48]
	↓ Food intake and body weight gain	[49]