| | | Inflammatory mediators | Effects in | Reference |
| | Natural products |
| | Eriodictyol (1) | Regulation of Nrf2 pathway and inhibiting the expression of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and in BALF and serum | ALI model | [20] | | Luteolin (2) | Reduction of TNF-α, KC, ICAM-1, SOD, activations of MAPK, and NF-κB pathways and neutrophils inflammation | ALI model | [21] | | Quercetin (3) | Reduction of TNF-α, IL1-β, IL-5, and IL-6 in BALF, NO COX-2, iNOS expression, HMGB1, and p65NF-κB. Increase IL-10 secretion. | ALI model,
asthma model | [22, 23, 67] | | Kaempferol (4) | Reduction of inflammatory cells, activation of MAPK, and NF-κB pathways | ALI model | [24] | | Mitraphylline (16) | Reduction of IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-17, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8. | ALI model | [29, 30] | | Asperuloside (17) | Reduction of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels | ALI model | [31] | | Eugenol (19) | Inhibition of superoxide radicals from xanthine oxidase system and the generation of hydroxyl radical | ALI model | [39] | | Sakuranetin (30) | Reduction of eosinophils, TNF-α, IL-5, IL-1β, M-CSF, and RANTES and inhibition of NF-κB in lung, MMP-9-positive, and MMP-12-positive cells and increased TIMP-1 expression. | Asthma model,
elastase model | [62, 88] | | Kuwanon G (31) | Reduction of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 in the sera and BALF | Asthma model | [63] | | Naringin (37) | Reduction of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and INF-δ levels | Asthma model | [70, 71] | | Apigenin (38) | Reduction of eosinophil infiltration in lung tissue and IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-17A levels | Asthma model | [72] |
| | Extracts of plants |
| | Astragalus membranaceus | Reduction of eosinophils and lymphocyte infiltration. Modulate Th1/2 immune balance and activates PPAR | Asthma model | [69] | | Boerhavia procumbens | Reduction in the infiltration of eosinophils and lymphocytes in lungs | Asthma model | [65] | | Ocimum gratissimum | Reduction in the infiltration of eosinophils and IL-4 expression | Asthma model | [66] | | Punica granatum | Reduction of eosinophils and cytokines IL-1β and IL-5 | Asthma model | [75] | | Siegesbeckia glabrescens | Reduction of the expression of iNOS and COX-2, cytokine IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 | Asthma model | [78] | | Herbal formula PM014 | Reduction of neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes in BALF, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels, | Elastase model | [89] | | Callicarpa japonica | Reduction of neutrophil infiltration, cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α, and the oxidative stress | Cigarette smoke model | [90] |
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