Anti-Inflammatory Effects of GLP-1-Based Therapies beyond Glucose Control

Figure 1

Molecular signals underlying the anti-inflammatory effects of GLP-1-based drugs. DPP-4 inhibitors increase GLP-1 levels in plasma. GLP-1 and GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists bind to the GLP-1 receptor, which blocks PKC or NF-B activation and subsequent expression of NLRP3, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, VCAM-1, IFN-γ, and MCP-1. In addition, GLP-1R signaling activates cAMP/Ca²⁺, CAMKKβ, and pAMPK, which induces anti-inflammatory effects on monocyte adhesion.