Insulin Resistance and Endothelial Dysfunction Constitute a Common Therapeutic Target in Cardiometabolic Disorders

Figure 3

Changes in expression of particular molecular pathways in insulin resistant state versus under physiological condition. Molecular definition of drug targets for management of insulin resistance. α: alfa subunit of insulin receptor; β: beta subunit of insulin receptor; Shc: Src homology and collagen protein; Grb2: cytosolic growth factor receptor-bound protein 2; IRS1: insulin receptor substrate; SOS: proline-rich domain of the son of sevenless; Ras: family of related proteins; Raf: serine/threonine specific protein kinases; MEK1/2: mitogen-activated protein kinase; ERK/MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; ET-1: endothelin-1; GLP-1: glucagon-like peptide; PAI-1: plasminogen activator inhibitor; ICAM-1: intercellular adhesion molecule 1; VCAM-1: vascular cell adhesion molecule 1; Ang I: angiotensin I; Ang II: angiotensin II; ACE I: angiotensin converting enzyme I; TNF-alpha: tumour necrosis factor alpha; ROS: reactive oxygen species; Akt: the Akt kinase; eNOS: endothelial nitric oxide synthase; AGEs: advanced glycation end products.