Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns Induced Crosstalk between Dendritic Cells, T Helper Cells, and Natural Killer Helper Cells Can Improve Dendritic Cell Vaccination

Figure 1

Desired immune interactions upon PAMP stimulation of immature dendritic cells. PAMPs trigger immature MoDC (iDC) to mature DC (mDC) and activate cells involved in antitumor responses (NK cells and CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells). The (crucial) cytokine milieu (only IL-12 and IFN-γ are shown) generated by their activation can break the tolerizing effects of the TME resulting in killing of tumor cells by CD8⁺ T cells and NK cells. Apoptotic material from tumors may be taken up by resident DC and may enhance the immune response.