Analysis of the Emergence in Swarm Model Based on Largest Lyapunov Exponent

<table class="table-group" width="800px"><tr class="fig-image" id="a"><td><img alt="745257.fig.005a" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/mpe/volume-2011/745257/figures/745257.fig.005a.jpg"/></td></tr><tr class="fig-caption"><td align="center"><table><tr><td><b>(a) </b>Scatter</td></tr></table></td></tr><tr class="fig-image" id="b"><td><img alt="745257.fig.005b" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/mpe/volume-2011/745257/figures/745257.fig.005b.jpg"/></td></tr><tr class="fig-caption"><td align="center"><table><tr><td><b>(b) </b>Cluster</td></tr></table></td></tr><tr class="fig-image" id="c"><td><img alt="745257.fig.005c" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/mpe/volume-2011/745257/figures/745257.fig.005c.jpg"/></td></tr><tr class="fig-caption"><td align="center"><table><tr><td><b>(c) </b>Circle</td></tr></table></td></tr><tr class="fig-image" id="d"><td><img alt="745257.fig.005d" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/mpe/volume-2011/745257/figures/745257.fig.005d.jpg"/></td></tr><tr class="fig-caption"><td align="center"><table><tr><td><b>(d) </b>Line</td></tr></table></td></tr></table>

<table>Illustration on LLE as slope of least-square fitted line for one case in each shape of swarm model.</table>

Mathematical Problems in Engineering

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Figure 5

Figure 5: Analysis of the Emergence in Swarm Model Based on Largest Lyapunov Exponent 