Hybrid Optimization Approach for the Design of Mechanisms Using a New Error Estimator

<table class="table-group" id="tab3"><tr><td><table class="table"><tr><td class="thead-hr" colspan="11"><hr/></td></tr><tr class="thead"><td align="left">Design variables</td><td align="center"><svg height="11.9625" id="M74" style="vertical-align:-3.39066pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 15.9625 11.9625" width="15.9625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,7.675)"><use xlink:href="#x1D465"></use></g>
<g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,9.563,11.762)"><path d="M241 635q53 0 94 -28.5t63.5 -76t33.5 -102.5t11 -116q0 -58 -11 -112.5t-34 -103.5t-63.5 -78.5t-94.5 -29.5t-95 28t-64.5 75t-34.5 102.5t-11 118.5q0 58 11.5 112.5t34.5 103t64.5 78t95.5 29.5zM238 602q-32 0 -55.5 -25t-35.5 -68t-17.5 -91t-5.5 -105
q0 -76 10 -138.5t37 -107.5t69 -45q32 0 55.5 25t35.5 68.5t17.5 91.5t5.5 105t-5.5 105.5t-18 92t-36 68t-56.5 24.5z" id="x30"></path></g>
</svg> (mm)</td><td align="center"><svg height="11.9625" id="M75" style="vertical-align:-3.39066pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 15.9625 11.9625" width="15.9625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,7.675)"><use xlink:href="#x1D465"></use></g>
<g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,9.563,11.762)"><use xlink:href="#x30"></use></g>
</svg> (mm)</td><td align="center"><svg height="16.3125" id="M76" style="vertical-align:-3.276pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 14.925 16.3125" width="14.925" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,12.162)"><path d="M475 507q0 -83 -20 -172t-56 -167.5t-93.5 -129t-125.5 -50.5q-157 0 -157 227q0 78 21.5 164t59 161t96.5 123.5t126 48.5q79 0 114 -58t35 -147zM391 522q0 155 -81 155q-62 0 -111 -82.5t-73 -200.5h253q12 81 12 128zM373 346h-255q-12 -91 -12 -150q0 -72 20 -123
t63 -51q34 0 64 28.5t52.5 77t39 103t28.5 115.5z" id="x1D703"></path></g>
<g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,8.525,16.25)"><path d="M384 0h-275v27q67 5 81.5 18.5t14.5 68.5v385q0 38 -7.5 47.5t-40.5 10.5l-48 2v24q85 15 178 52v-521q0 -55 14.5 -68.5t82.5 -18.5v-27z" id="x31"></path></g>
</svg> (rad)</td><td align="center"><svg height="16.450001" id="M77" style="vertical-align:-3.39066pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 20.637501 16.450001" width="20.637501" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,12.162)"><use xlink:href="#x1D703"></use></g>
<g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,8.525,16.25)"><path d="M412 140l28 -9q0 -2 -35 -131h-373v23q112 112 161 170q59 70 92 127t33 115q0 63 -31 98t-86 35q-75 0 -137 -93l-22 20l57 81q55 59 135 59q69 0 118.5 -46.5t49.5 -122.5q0 -62 -29.5 -114t-102.5 -130l-141 -149h186q42 0 58.5 10.5t38.5 56.5z" id="x32"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,14.236,16.25)"><use xlink:href="#x30"></use></g>
</svg> (rad)</td><td align="center"><svg height="15.25" id="M78" style="vertical-align:-3.276pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16.1625 15.25" width="16.1625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.112)"><path d="M559 163q-23 -66 -68 -163h-474l6 26q62 4 79.5 19.5t28.5 75.5l78 409q7 35 8.5 49t-8 25t-24 13t-51.5 5l5 28h266l-6 -28q-65 -5 -79.5 -18t-25.5 -74l-76 -406q-10 -57 14 -75q12 -13 96 -13q93 0 126 29q41 40 76 109z" id="x1D43F"></path></g>
<g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,9.763,15.187)"><use xlink:href="#x31"></use></g>
</svg> (mm)</td><td align="center"><svg height="15.25" id="M79" style="vertical-align:-3.276pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16.1625 15.25" width="16.1625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x1D43F"></use></g>
<g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,9.763,15.187)"><use xlink:href="#x32"></use></g>
</svg> (mm)</td><td align="center"><svg height="15.4" id="M80" style="vertical-align:-3.39066pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16.1625 15.4" width="16.1625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x1D43F"></use></g>
<g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,9.763,15.187)"><path d="M285 378v-2q65 -13 102 -54.5t37 -97.5q0 -57 -30.5 -104.5t-74 -75t-85.5 -42t-72 -14.5q-31 0 -59.5 11t-40.5 23q-19 18 -16 36q1 16 23 33q13 10 24 0q58 -51 124 -51q55 0 88 40t33 112q0 64 -39 96.5t-88 32.5q-29 0 -64 -11l-6 29q77 25 118 57.5t41 84.5
q0 45 -26.5 69.5t-68.5 24.5q-67 0 -120 -79l-20 20l43 63q51 56 127 56h1q66 0 107 -37t41 -95q0 -42 -31 -71q-22 -23 -68 -54z" id="x33"></path></g>
</svg> (mm)</td><td align="center"><svg height="15.25" id="M81" style="vertical-align:-3.276pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16.1625 15.25" width="16.1625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x1D43F"></use></g>
<g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,9.763,15.187)"><path d="M456 178h-96v-72q0 -51 12.5 -62.5t72.5 -16.5v-27h-256v27q65 5 78 17t13 62v72h-260v28q182 271 300 426h40v-407h96v-47zM280 225v295h-2q-107 -148 -196 -295h198z" id="x34"></path></g>
</svg> (mm)</td><td align="center"><svg height="15.4" id="M82" style="vertical-align:-3.39066pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16.1625 15.4" width="16.1625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x1D43F"></use></g>
<g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,9.763,15.187)"><path d="M153 550l-26 -186q79 31 111 31q90 0 141.5 -51t51.5 -119q0 -93 -89 -166q-85 -69 -173 -71q-32 0 -61.5 11.5t-41.5 23.5q-18 17 -17 34q2 16 22 33q14 9 26 -1q61 -50 124 -50q60 0 93 43.5t33 104.5q0 69 -41.5 110t-121.5 41q-53 0 -102 -20l38 305h286l6 -8
l-26 -65h-233z" id="x35"></path></g>
</svg> (mm)</td><td align="center"><i>α</i> (rad)</td></tr><tr><td class="thead-hr" colspan="11"><hr/></td></tr><tr><td align="left">EA solution</td><td align="center">−10.47</td><td align="center">8.34</td><td align="center">0.31</td><td align="center">1.68</td><td align="center">24.30</td><td align="center">14.81</td><td align="center">24.48</td><td align="center">31.70</td><td align="center">4.02</td><td align="center">−0.68</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Hybrid solution</td><td align="center">−8.01</td><td align="center">4.91</td><td align="center">0.28</td><td align="center">5.50</td><td align="center">28.16</td><td align="center">16.94</td><td align="center">23.05</td><td align="center">32.68</td><td align="center">7.13</td><td align="center">−1.63</td></tr><tr class="table-tr"><td colspan="11"><hr class="tbody-hr"/></td></tr></table></td></tr></table>

Mathematical Problems in Engineering

tab3

Table 3

Table 3: Hybrid Optimization Approach for the Design of Mechanisms Using a New Error Estimator 