Copyright © 2012 Carlo Cattani et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Linked References

1. C. Cattani, “Fractals and hidden symmetries in DNA,” Mathematical Problems in Engineering, vol. 2010, Article ID 507056, 31 pages, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Zentralblatt MATH · View at Scopus
2. C. Cattani, “Wavelet algorithms for DNA analysis,” in Computational Molecular Biology: Techniques, Approaches and Applications, M. Elloumi and A. Y. Zomaya, Eds., Wiley Series in Bioinformatics, chapter 35, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, USA, 2010.
3. C. Cattani and G. Pierro, “Complexity on acute myeloid leukemia mRNA transcript variant,” Mathematical Problems in Engineering, vol. 2011, Article ID 379873, 16 pages, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
4. R. F. Voss, “Evolution of long-range fractal correlations and 1/f noise in DNA base sequences,” Physical Review Letters, vol. 68, no. 25, pp. 3805–3808, 1992. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
5. R. F. Voss, “Long-Range Fractal Correlations in DNA introns and exons,” Fractals, vol. 2, pp. 1–6, 1992.
6. S. V. Buldyrev, A. L. Goldberger, S. Havlin et al., “Long-range correlation properties of coding and noncoding DNA sequences: GenBank analysis,” Physical Review E, vol. 51, no. 5, pp. 5084–5091, 1995. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
7. K. Metze, “Fractal dimension of chromatin and cancer prognosis,” Epigenomics, vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 601–604, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
8. R. L. Adam, R. C. Silva, F. G. Pereira, N. J. Leite, I. Lorand-Metze, and K. Metze, “The fractal dimension of nuclear chromatin as a prognostic factor in acute precursor B lymphoblastic leukemia,” Cellular Oncology, vol. 28, no. 1-2, pp. 55–59, 2006. View at Scopus
9. K. Metze, I. Lorand-Metze, N. J. Leite, and R. L. Adam, “Goodness-of-fit of the fractal dimension as a prognostic factor,” Cellular Oncology, vol. 31, no. 6, pp. 503–504, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
10. L. Goutzanis, N. Papadogeorgakis, P. M. Pavlopoulos et al., “Nuclear fractal dimension as a prognostic factor in oral squamous cell carcinoma,” Oral Oncology, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 345–353, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
11. A. Mashiah, O. Wolach, J. Sandbank, O. Uziel, P. Raanani, and M. Lahav, “Lymphoma and leukemia cells possess fractal dimensions that correlate with their biological features,” Acta Haematologica, vol. 119, no. 3, pp. 142–150, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
12. K. Metze, D. P. Ferro, M. A. Falconi, et al., “Fractal characteristics of nuclear chromatin in routinely stained cytology are independent prognostic factors in patients with multiple myeloma,” Virchows Archiv, vol. 445, supplement 1, pp. 7–21, 2009.
13. V. Bedin, R. L. Adam, B. C. S. de Sá, G. Landman, and K. Metze, “Fractal dimension of chromatin is an independent prognostic factor for survival in melanoma,” BMC Cancer, vol. 10, article 260, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
14. D. V. Lebedev, M. V. Filatov, A. I. Kuklin et al., “Fractal nature of chromatin organization in interphase chicken erythrocyte nuclei: DNA structure exhibits biphasic fractal properties,” FEBS Letters, vol. 579, no. 6, pp. 1465–1468, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
15. J. G. McNally and D. Mazza, “Fractal geometry in the nucleus,” The EMBO Journal, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 2–3, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
16. M. Takahashi, “A fractal model of chromosomes and chromosomal DNA replication,” Journal of Theoretical Biology, vol. 141, no. 1, pp. 117–136, 1989. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
17. A. Delides, I. Panayiotides, A. Alegakis et al., “Fractal dimension as a prognostic factor for laryngeal carcinoma,” Anticancer Research, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 2141–2144, 2005. View at Scopus
18. R. C. Ferreira, P. S. de Matos, R. L. Adam, N. J. Leite, and K. Metze, “Application of the Minkowski-Bouligand fractal dimension for the differential diagnosis of thyroid follicular neoplasias,” Cellular Oncology, vol. 28, no. 5-6, pp. 331–333, 2006. View at Scopus
19. J. M. Adams, A. W. Harris, and C. A. Pinkert, “The c-myc oncogene driven by immunoglobulin enhancers induces lymphoid malignancy in transgenic mice,” Nature, vol. 318, no. 6046, pp. 533–538, 1985.
20. L. Pontrjagin and L. Schnirelmann, “Sur une propriété métrique de la dimension,” Annals of Mathematics, vol. 33, pp. 156–162, 1932. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Zentralblatt MATH · View at MathSciNet
21. A. N. Kolmogorov and V. M. Tihomiroff, “$\epsilon$> -Entropy and $\epsilon$ -capacity of sets in functional spaces,” Uspekhi Mat. Nauk, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 3–86, 1949.
22. J. Patrick Fitch and B. Sokhansanj, “Genomic engineering: moving beyond DNA sequence to function,” Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 88, no. 12, pp. 1949–1971, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
23. H. Gee, “A journey into the genome: what’s there,” Nature, 2001.
24. P. D. Cristea, “Large scale features in DNA genomic signals,” Signal Processing, vol. 83, no. 4, pp. 871–888, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Zentralblatt MATH
25. H. Herzel, E. N. Trifonov, O. Weiss, and I. Große, “Interpreting correlations in biosequences,” Physica A, vol. 249, no. 1–4, pp. 449–459, 1998. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
26. W. Li, “The study of correlation structures of DNA sequences: a critical review,” Computers and Chemistry, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 257–271, 1997. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
27. W. Li and K. Kaneko, “Long-range correlations and partial spectrum in a noncoding DNA sequence,” Europhysics Letters, vol. 17, pp. 655–660, 1992. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
28. C. K. Peng, S. V. Buldyrev, A. L. Goldberger et al., “Long-range correlations in nucleotide sequences,” Nature, vol. 356, no. 6365, pp. 168–170, 1992. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
29. C. K. Peng, S. V. Buldyrev, S. Havlin, M. Simons, H. E. Stanley, and A. L. Goldberger, “Mosaic organization of DNA nucleotides,” Physical Review E, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 1685–1689, 1994. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
30. O. Weiss and H. Herzel, “Correlations in protein sequences and property codes,” Journal of Theoretical Biology, vol. 190, no. 4, pp. 341–353, 1998. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
31. Z. G. Yu, V. V. Anh, and B. Wang, “Correlation property of length sequences based on global structure of the complete genome,” Physical Review E, vol. 63, no. 1, Article ID 011903, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
32. P. P. Vaidyanathan and B. J. Yoon, “The role of signal-processing concepts in genomics and proteomics,” Journal of the Franklin Institute, vol. 341, no. 1-2, pp. 111–135, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Zentralblatt MATH
33. P. Bernaola-Galván, R. Román-Roldán, and J. L. Oliver, “Compositional segmentation and long-range fractal correlations in DNA sequences,” Physical Review E, vol. 53, no. 5, pp. 5181–5189, 1996. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
34. W. Li and J. Bentley, “The complexity of DNA: the measure of compositional heterogenity in DNA sequence and measures of complexity,” Complexity, vol. 3, pp. 33–37, 1997.
35. S. Karlin and V. Brendel, “Patchiness and correlations in DNA sequences,” Science, vol. 259, no. 5095, pp. 677–680, 1993. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
36. J. M. Bennett, M. L. Young, J. W. Andersen et al., “Long-term survival in acute myeloid leukemia: the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group experience,” Cancer, vol. 80, no. 11, pp. 2205–2209, 1997.
37. E. Schrödinger, What is Life? Physical Aspects of Living Cell, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1948.
38. National Center for Biotechnology Information, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/.
39. Universal Protein Resource, http://www.uniprot.org/help/about.
40. Gene Location, Weizmann Institute of Science, http://genecards.weizmann.ac.il/geneloc/.
41. e!Ensemble, Ensembl project, EMBL-EBI & Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, http://www.ensemble.org.
42. H. Avet-Loiseau, T. Facon, A. Daviet et al., “14q32 translocations and monosomy 13 observed in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance delineate a multistep process for the oncogenesis of multiple myeloma,” Cancer Research, vol. 59, no. 18, pp. 4546–4550, 1999.
43. J. Drach, J. Schuster, H. Nowotny et al., “Multiple myeloma: high incidence of chromosomal aneuploidy as detected by interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization,” Cancer Research, vol. 55, no. 17, pp. 3854–3859, 1995.
44. M. Flactif, M. Zandecki, J. L. Laï et al., “Interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) as a powerful tool for the detection of aneuploidy in multiple myeloma,” Leukemia, vol. 9, no. 12, pp. 2109–2114, 1995.
45. R. Fonseca, G. J. Ahmann, S. M. Jalal et al., “Chromosomal abnormalities in systemic amyloidosis,” British Journal of Haematology, vol. 103, no. 3, pp. 704–710, 1998. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
46. M. Zandecki, J.-L. Laï, F. Geneviève et al., “Several cytogenetic subclones may be identified within plasma cells from patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, both at diagnosis and during the indolent course of this condition,” Blood, vol. 90, no. 9, pp. 3682–3690, 1997.
47. G. W. Dewald, R. A. Kyle, G. A. Hicks, and P. R. Greipp, “The clinical significance of cytogenetic studies in 100 patients with multiple myeloma, plasma cell leukemia, or amyloidosis,” Blood, vol. 66, no. 2, pp. 380–390, 1985.
48. B. Barlogie, J. Epstein, P. Selvanayagam, and R. Alexanian, “Plasma cell myeloma—New biological insights and advances in therapy,” Blood, vol. 73, no. 4, pp. 865–879, 1989.
49. W. Liang, J. E. Hopper, and J. D. Rowley, “Karyotypic abnormalities and clinical aspects of patients with multiple myeloma and related paraproteinemic disorders,” Cancer, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 630–644, 1979.
50. G. Gahrton, L. Zech, and K. Nillsson, “2 Translocations, t(11;14) and t(1;6), in a patient with plasma cell leukaemia and 2 populations of plasma cells,” Scandinavian Journal of Haematology, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 42–46, 1980.
51. G. J. Morgan, F. E. Davies, and M. Linet, “Myeloma aetiology and epidemiology,” Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 223–234, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
52. H. Avet-Loiseau, M. Attal, P. Moreau et al., “Genetic abnormalities and survival in multiple myeloma: the experience of the Intergroupe Francophone du Myélome,” Blood, vol. 109, no. 8, pp. 3489–3495, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
53. J. R. Sawyer, J. A. Waldron, S. Jagannath, and B. Barlogie, “Cytogenetic findings in 200 patients with multiple myeloma,” Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics, vol. 82, no. 1, pp. 41–49, 1995. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
54. O. Landgren, R. A. Kyle, R. M. Pfeiffer et al., “Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) consistently precedes multiple myeloma: a prospective study,” Blood, vol. 113, no. 22, pp. 5412–5417, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
55. S. M. C. Langemeijer, R. P. Kuiper, M. Berends et al., “Acquired mutations in TET2 are common in myelodysplastic syndromes,” Nature Genetics, vol. 41, no. 7, pp. 838–842, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
56. M. Ko, Y. Huang, A. M. Jankowska et al., “Impaired hydroxylation of 5-methylcytosine in myeloid cancers with mutant TET2,” Nature, vol. 468, no. 7325, pp. 839–843, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
57. R. B. Lorsback, J. Moore, S. Mathew, S. C. Raimondi, S. T. Mukatira, and J. R. Downing, “TET1, a member of a novel protein family, is fused to MLL in acute myeloid leukemia containing the t(10;11)(q22;23) [3],” Leukemia, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 637–641, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
58. S. Y. Chen and Q. Guan, “Parametric shape representation by a deformable NURBS model for cardiac functional measurements,” IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol. 58, no. 3, part 1, pp. 480–487, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
59. S. Chen, J. Zhang, H. Zhang et al., “Myocardial motion analysis for determination of tei-index of human heart,” Sensors, vol. 10, no. 12, pp. 11428–11439, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar