Optimum Design of Gravity Retaining Walls Using Charged System Search Algorithm

Table 1

The optimum seismic designs comparison for the gravity retaining wall.

Design variable		Optimal values (m)
	CSS	HBB-BC [15]	BB-BC [15]	PSO [15]
𝑥1	1.137	1.734	0.903	0.566
𝑥2	0.440	0.553	0.650	2.000
𝑥3	0.353	0.467	0.689	0.200
𝑥4	3.200	3.014	2.691	2.000
𝑥5	2.261	0.719	0.515	0.645
𝑥6	0.200	0.200	0.200	0.200
Best weight (kN)	322.293	328.297	337.607	344.700
Average weight (kN)	329.893	337.860	345.652	351.189
Number of analysis	4,400	10,000	10,000	10,000
FS𝑜	2.152	2.504	2.003	2.097
FS𝑠	1.200	1.200	1.200	1.200
FS𝑏	7.154	7.459	5.921	7.182