Fuzzy Investment Portfolio Selection Models Based on Interval Analysis Approach

Abstract

This paper employs fuzzy set theory to solve the unintuitive problem of the Markowitz mean-variance (MV) portfolio model and extend it to a fuzzy investment portfolio selection model. Our model establishes intervals for expected returns and risk preference, which can take into account investors' different investment appetite and thus can find the optimal resolution for each interval. In the empirical part, we test this model in Chinese stocks investment and find that this model can fulfill different kinds of investors’ objectives. Finally, investment risk can be decreased when we add investment limit to each stock in the portfolio, which indicates our model is useful in practice.

1. Introduction

The Markowitz mean-variance (MV) portfolio optimization theory [1] proposed by Markowitz has been widely used, which leads the investment theory to a new era. In this model, the best portfolio is a maximized profit, subjected to reaching a specified level of risk, or a minimized variance, subjected to obtaining a predetermined level of expected return [2]. However, there have been persistent doubts about the estimates’ performance. Many studies indicate the model has some shortage. For example, Michaud [3] have found that MV-optimized portfolios are unintuitive, and, therefore, their estimates should be promoted [4].

In portfolio selection problem, the variables such as expected return, risk, liquidity, and so forth cannot be predicted precisely and investors generally make portfolio decision according to experience and economic wisdom; therefore, deterministic portfolio selection is not a good choice for investors. Fuzzy set theory is thought to be a good method to solve this problem. For example, Bhattacharyya et al. [5] use fuzzy set theory to extend the investment portfolio model into a mean-variance-skewness (MVS) model, which is tested to be useful to explain the stock investment decision.

Our paper employs fuzzy set theory to extend Markowitz portfolio optimization theory by establishing return intervals and risk intervals. Because investors have difficulty to make a decision which is the best expected return or the lowest investment risk, they may set a portfolio which is in different hierarchical return and risk levels. Therefore, our paper can help investors to make investment decisions according to their return expectations level and risk preference level. Our method further minimizes the intuitive disadvantage of Markowitz mean-variance (MV) portfolio optimization method and thus can be more widely used in practice.

Our paper is structured as follows. Section 2 describes investment portfolio selection model and explain how to establish return intervals and risk intervals. Section 3 uses Chinese stock market and tests our models empirically. Section 4 makes some conclusions.

2. Fuzzy Investment Portfolio Selection Models

2.1. Markowitz MV Portfolio Optimization Model

Markowitz MV portfolio optimization theory assumes that investors are risk averse, meaning that given two portfolios that offer the same expected return, investors will prefer the less risky one. Thus, an investor will take on increased risk only if compensated by higher expected returns. Conversely, an investor who wants higher expected returns must accept more risk. The exact trade-off will be the same for all investors, but different investors will evaluate the trade-off differently based on individual risk aversion characteristics. The implication is that a rational investor will not invest in a portfolio if a second portfolio exists with a more favorable risk-expected return profile, that is, if for that level of risk an alternative portfolio exists which has better expected returns.

Markowitz MV portfolio optimization models are as follows: max𝑓(𝑥)=^𝑛_𝑖=1𝐸𝑟_𝑖𝑥_𝑖,s.t.^𝑛𝑛_𝑖=1𝑗=1𝜎_𝑖𝑗𝑥_𝑖𝑥_𝑗≤𝜔,_𝑛𝑖=1𝑥_𝑖=1,0≤𝑥_𝑖≤𝜇_𝑖(𝑥)=,𝑖=1,2,...,𝑛,𝑗=1,2...,𝑛,min𝑓^𝑛𝑛_𝑖=1𝑗=1𝜎_𝑖𝑗𝑥_𝑖𝑥_𝑗,s.t.^𝑛_𝑖=1𝐸𝑟_𝑖𝑥_𝑖≥𝑟₀,_𝑛𝑖=1𝑥_𝑖=1,0≤𝑥_𝑖≤𝜇_𝑖,𝑖=1,2,...,𝑛,𝑗=1,2...,𝑛. (2.1)(2.2) Model (2.1) explains a maximized expected return based on a certain risk level and model (2.2) delineates a minimized risk level conditional on a certain return level. In these two models, 𝑥_𝑖 is the investment portion of stock 𝑖 in an investor’s portfolio and 𝑟_𝑖 is the return of stock 𝑖. 𝑅=(𝐸(𝑟₁),𝐸(𝑟₂),…,𝐸(𝑟_𝑛))^𝑇 is the portfolio of expected returns, where 𝐸(𝑟_𝑖) is the expected return of stock 𝑖. ∑^𝑛_𝑖=1∑^𝑛_𝑗=1𝜎_𝑖𝑗𝑥_𝑖𝑥_𝑗  is the portfolio variance, which represents investment risk, where 𝜎_𝑖𝑗 is the covariance of stocks 𝑖 and 𝑗. 𝜔 is the maximum risk an investor can tolerate, 𝜇_𝑖 is the maximum limit of stock 𝑖 in investment portfolio, and 𝑟₀ is the minimum return an investor expects.

2.2. Risk Preference

Investment decisions are accompanied by much uncertainty, and risk preference varies according to an individual’s personality and other reasons, such as age. Studies show that an individual’s risk preference is not only affected by expected returns and risk, but also affected by gender, age, educations, wealth, health, marital factors, and so forth. In fact, investors’ risk preferences are not stable; that is, different environment and social psychology can affect them as well. In general, an investor’s risk appetite changes in a different environment. Therefore this section is to analyze the risk appetite.

Many investment decision models use the forms of utility function, but in some occasions, the utility function is difficult to be determined. In order to simplify the calculation and facilitate the interpretation of results, Mercurio proposes a utility function  𝑈(𝑊_𝑀)=𝐸(𝑊_𝑀)−𝐴Var(𝑊_𝑀). Based on this model, model (2.3) is constructed using risk preference coefficients, where 𝑉=((𝜎²_𝑖𝑗)_𝑛×𝑛) is the covariance matrix of 𝑟_𝑖, and 𝑒=(1,1,…,1)^𝑇. This model solves the single-objective optimization problem of Markowitz's mean-variance portfolio model. One has min𝑆(𝑋)=1−𝛽𝑋^𝑇𝑉𝑋−𝛽𝑋^𝑇𝑅,s.t𝑋^𝑇𝑒=1. (2.3) In this model, 𝛽 is defined as the coefficient of risk preference and it is nonnegative. In this model, if 𝛽 is bigger, investment return is more important for investors. In particular, investors focus only on the income and do not care about risk when 𝛽=1, while, it is exactly the opposite when 𝛽 approaches zero. When investors become risk averse, that is, when 𝛽=0, model (2.3) will be simplified to the minimum variance model of portfolio: min𝜎²_𝑝=𝑋^𝑇𝑉𝑋,s.t𝑋^𝑇𝑒=1. (2.4) The optimal solution for model (2.4) is  𝑋_𝑔=(𝑉_𝑒⁻¹)/(𝑒^𝑇𝑉_𝑒⁻¹). Further the optimal return and optimal variance of model (2.4) are as follows: 𝑅_𝑔=𝑅^𝑇𝑋_𝑔=𝑅^𝑇𝑉⁻¹𝑒𝑒^𝑇𝑉⁻¹𝑒,𝜎²_𝑔=𝑋^𝑇_𝑔𝑉𝑋_𝑔=1𝑒^𝑇𝑉⁻¹𝑒. (2.5) Then we define 𝑎=𝑒^𝑇𝑉⁻¹𝑒, 𝑏=𝑅^𝑇𝑉⁻¹𝑒; the solution of model (2.4) can be further simplified as follows: 𝑋_𝑔=𝑉⁻¹𝑒𝑎,𝑅_𝑔=𝑏𝑎,𝜎²_𝑔=1𝑎. (2.6)Properties. If the covariance matrix is positive definite, model (2.3) has a unique optimal solution: 𝑋^∗=𝑉⁻¹𝑒𝑒^𝑇𝑉⁻¹𝑒+𝛽2𝑉1−𝛽⁻¹𝑒𝑅+^𝑇𝑉⁻¹𝑅𝑒^𝑇𝑉⁻¹𝑒𝑉⁻¹𝑒. (2.7) In (2.7), 𝑋^∗ indicates the optimal portfolio of model (2.3).

Proof. If 𝑉  is positive definite, then model (2.3) is convex quadratic. The necessary and sufficient conditions for the solution of convex quadratic are to meet the Kuhn-tucker conditions. Kuhn-tucker conditions for model (2.3) are 21−𝛽𝑉𝑋^∗𝑋−𝛽𝑅−𝜆𝑒=0,_∗𝑇𝑒=1. (2.8) According to (2.8), we can deduce the portfolio 𝑋^∗=𝑉⁻¹𝑒𝑒^𝑇𝑉⁻¹𝑒+𝛽2𝑉1−𝛽⁻¹𝑒𝑅+^𝑇𝑉⁻¹𝑅𝑒^𝑇𝑉⁻¹𝑒𝑉⁻¹𝑒. (2.9) According to (2.7), we can solve the optimal return of (2.3): 𝑅_𝑝=𝑅^𝑇𝑋^∗=𝑎𝑐−𝑏²𝛽+𝑏2𝑎1−𝛽𝑎, (2.10) where 𝑐=𝑅^𝑇𝑉⁻¹𝑅.
Discussion about  𝑎𝑐−𝑏².
By definition we know that  𝑎>0, 𝑐>0, and the covariance matrix is positive semidefinite.
According to the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality, 𝑎𝑐−𝑏²≥0, then:(1)when securities in the portfolio have the same expected returns, according to Cauchy-Schwarz inequality, 𝑎𝑐−𝑏²=0;(2)in the portfolio, if there are at least two securities whose expected returns are different, the expected returns of all securities in the portfolio are not identical. According to the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality, 𝑎𝑐−𝑏²>0.
Based on the above two properties, combined with the actual situation, we assume that the expected returns of all securities in the portfolio are not exactly the same, so 𝑎𝑐−𝑏²>0. Thus, the risk preference decision parameter 𝛽 can be computed as follows: 2𝛽=𝑎𝑅_𝑝−𝑏𝑎𝑐−𝑏²+2𝑎𝑅_𝑝−𝑏. (2.11)

2.3. Fuzzy Investment Portfolio Model

Generally, an interval linear model is expressed as the following form: max𝑓(𝑥)=𝑓𝑥₁,𝑥₂,…,𝑥_𝑛=^𝑛_𝑖=1𝐾_𝑖𝑥_𝑖,s.t.^𝑛_𝑖=1𝑍_𝑖𝑗𝑥_𝑖≤𝑀_𝑗𝑥,𝑗=1,2,…,𝑚,_𝑖≥0,𝑖=1,2,…,𝑛. (2.12) In the above formula, 𝐾_𝑖  and 𝑍_𝑖𝑗  are interval numbers, and they are, respectively, expressed as 𝐾_𝑖=[𝑘_𝑖,𝑘_𝑖], 𝑍_𝑖𝑗=[𝑧_𝑖𝑗,𝑧_𝑖𝑗], where we will denote the feasible region of 𝑋 by Ω, that is 𝑋∈Ω.

After this, some scholars transformed the interval linear programming model into a two-goal programming problem and build a new planning model as follows: max𝑓₁(𝑥)=𝑓₁𝑥₁,𝑥₂,…,𝑥_𝑛=^𝑛_𝑖=1𝑘_𝑖𝑥_𝑖,s.t.𝑋∈Ω,max𝑓₂(𝑥)=𝑓₂𝑥₁,𝑥₂,…,𝑥_𝑛=^𝑛_𝑖=1𝑘_𝑖𝑥_𝑖,s.t.𝑋∈Ω. (2.13)(2.14) Da and Liu [6] adopt a parameter 𝛼 and use interval model to extend the above model into (2.15), which takes into account both investors’ judgment and environment situation. max𝑓₃(𝑥)=𝑓₃𝑥₁,𝑥₂,…,𝑥_𝑛=^𝑛_𝑖=1(1−𝛼)𝑘_𝑖𝑥_𝑖+𝛼𝑘_𝑖𝑥_𝑖,s.t.𝑋∈Ω,𝛼∈[0,1]. (2.15) In (2.15), there are two kinds of specific situation, that is, 𝛼=1 and  𝛼=0. Further, based on investors’ risk preference, there are two kinds of models: (2.16) represents a risk lover’s investment and (2.17) represents a risk adverse investor’s choice, where, 𝑣_𝑖=[𝑣_𝑖,𝑣_𝑖] means the risk range of stock 𝑖. One has max𝑈𝑥_𝑖=^𝑛_𝑖=1𝑟_𝑖𝑥_𝑖,s.t.𝑋^𝑇𝑥𝑒=1,𝑋≥0,min𝑉_𝑖=^𝑛_𝑖=1𝑣_𝑖𝑥_𝑖,s.t.𝑋^𝑇𝑒=1,𝑋≥0. (2.16)(2.17) As for investors, we can naturally think of that investors want to maximize the return on investment and minimize the investment risk in the portfolio, that is, meeting the above two models at the same time, but according to practical experience, we know that this is impossible, because the higher the expected return of the portfolio, their attendant risks will also be the greater; high yield is the compensation of high risk, which requires investors to choose a balance of investment returns and risks according to their own psychology.

Since returns are uncertain, the allocation of capital in different risky assets to minimize the risk and maximize the return is the main concern of portfolio selection [5]. Therefore, it is useful to take into account returns and risks together by using the risk preference coefficient 𝛽. Thus the above multitarget interval linear function can be converted into a parametric function. By applying the risk preference coefficient 𝛽, investment flexibility can be increased because investors can decide to set different proportion of earnings targets and risks targets. It also takes into account different investors’ decision-making behaviors.

However, the expected returns and risks in portfolios should be intrinsically linked and discussed together. Chen et al. [7] simplify the variance constraints using fuzzy constraints: max𝑈𝑥_𝑖=^𝑛_𝑖=1𝐸𝑟_𝑖𝑥_𝑖,s.t.^𝑛_𝑖=1𝜎_𝑖𝑥_𝑖(),𝑋≤𝑀+𝑑1−𝛼_𝑇𝜇𝑒=1,𝜇≥𝑋≥0,𝜇=₁,𝜇₂,…,𝜇_𝑛. (2.18) In (2.18), 𝛼 is fuzzy membership which an investor belongs to, 𝛼∈[0,1]; the membership function is expressed as: 𝜇𝑥_𝑖=1,0≤∑^𝑛_𝑖=1𝜎_𝑖𝑥_𝑖≤𝑀−𝑑,𝑀−∑^𝑛_𝑖=1𝜎_𝑖𝑥_𝑖𝑑,𝑀−𝑑≤∑^𝑛_𝑖=1𝜎_𝑖𝑥_𝑖≤𝑀,0,others, (2.19) where 𝑑 is the tolerance of investors and 𝜎_𝑖 is the standard deviation of the stock 𝑖’s return. Chen et al. [7] adopt parameters in the fuzzy interval and thus the model is transformed into a linear function: max𝑈𝑥_𝑖=^𝑛_𝑖=1𝑟_𝑖,𝑟_𝑖𝑥_𝑖,s.t.^𝑛_𝑖=1𝜎_𝑖,𝜎_𝑖𝑥_𝑖≤𝑀+𝑑(1−𝛼),(,𝑋𝑀+𝑑1−𝛼)_𝑇𝜇𝑒=1,𝜇≥𝑋≥0,𝜇=₁,𝜇₂,…,𝜇_𝑛. (2.20) This model can solve the calculation problems, but this model involves multiple parameters. Although parameters have the advantages in increasing flexibility, too many parameters result in decision-making errors and thereby increase uncertainty.

Risk preference is determined by the expected return and risk, which are expressed by interval numbers. We define risk preference coefficient as  𝛽=[𝛽,𝛽] and use Markowitz method to calculate the stocks investment risk. Model (2.21) can estimate investors’ risk preferences from investment decision-making behaviors, and then it compares the returns and risk together in the same model max𝑓𝑥_𝑖=𝛽^𝑛_𝑖=1𝑟_𝑖𝑥_𝑖−1−𝛽^𝑛_𝑖=1𝑋𝑉𝑋^𝑇=𝛽,𝛽^𝑛_𝑖=1𝑟_𝑖,𝑟_𝑖𝑥_𝑖−1−𝛽,1−𝛽^𝑛_𝑖=1𝑋𝑉𝑋^𝑇=^𝑛_𝑖=1𝛽𝑟_𝑖,𝛽𝑟_𝑖𝑥_𝑖−1−𝛽,1−𝛽^𝑛_𝑖=1𝑋𝑉𝑋^𝑇𝑠. (2.21) Covariance matrix is 𝑉=^{𝜎11𝜎12⋯𝜎1𝑛}_𝜎^⋮⋮_{𝑛1𝜎𝑛2⋯𝜎𝑛𝑛}. All elements of the matrix are interval numbers, that is, 𝜎_𝑖𝑗=[𝜎_𝑖𝑗,𝜎_𝑖𝑗]. So the formula ∑^𝑛_𝑖=1𝑋𝑉𝑋^𝑇 can be simplified as follows: ^𝑛_𝑖=1𝑋𝑉𝑋^𝑇=𝑥₁𝑥₂⋯𝑥_𝑛𝜎₁₁𝜎₁₂⋯𝜎_1𝑛𝜎⋮⋮_𝑛1𝜎_𝑛2⋯𝜎_𝑛𝑛𝑥₁𝑥₂⋯𝑥_𝑛^𝑇=^𝑛_𝑖=1𝜎_𝑖1,𝜎_𝑖1𝑥_𝑖,^𝑛_𝑖=1𝜎_𝑖2,𝜎_𝑖2𝑥_𝑖,…,^𝑛_𝑖=1𝜎_𝑖𝑛,𝜎_𝑖𝑛𝑥_𝑖𝑥₁𝑥₂⋯𝑥_𝑛^𝑇=𝑥₁^𝑛_𝑖=1𝜎_𝑖1,𝜎_𝑖1𝑥_𝑖+𝑥₂^𝑛_𝑖=1𝜎_𝑖2,𝜎_𝑖2𝑥_𝑖+⋯+𝑥_𝑛^𝑛_𝑖=1𝜎_𝑖𝑛,𝜎_𝑖𝑛𝑥_𝑖=^𝑛_𝑗=1𝑥_𝑗^𝑛_𝑖=1𝜎_𝑖𝑗,𝜎_𝑖𝑗𝑥_𝑖. (2.22) Therefore, the portfolio model can be simplified as follows: max𝑓𝑥_𝑖=𝛽^𝑛_𝑖=1𝑟_𝑖𝑥_𝑖−1−𝛽^𝑛_𝑖=1𝑋𝑉𝑋^𝑇=𝛽,𝛽^𝑛_𝑖=1𝑟_𝑖,𝑟_𝑖𝑥_𝑖−1−𝛽,1−𝛽^𝑛_𝑗=1𝑥_𝑗^𝑛_𝑖=1𝜎_𝑖𝑗,𝜎_𝑖𝑗𝑥_𝑖=^𝑛_𝑖=1𝛽𝑟_𝑖,𝛽𝑟_𝑖𝑥_𝑖−^𝑛_𝑗=1𝑥_𝑗^𝑛_𝑖=11−𝛽𝜎_𝑖𝑗,1−𝛽𝜎_𝑖𝑗𝑥_𝑖. (2.23) The optimal estimators of (2.23) are defined as 𝑏=[0,1], where 𝑏 is the membership of the interval. A bigger 𝑏 means higher expected return; that is, 𝑏 reflects investor’s confidence level on market expectations. Specifically when 𝑏 is closer to 1, it indicates that investors are more optimistic about the market future. However, the expectation for the future market is extremely pessimistic when 𝑏 is closer to 0. So the final form of the fuzzy investment portfolio model is expressed as follows: max𝑓𝑥_𝑖=^𝑛_𝑖=1𝑏𝛽𝑟_𝑖+(1−𝑏)𝛽𝑟_𝑖𝑥_𝑖−^𝑛_𝑗=1𝑥_𝑗^𝑛_𝑖=1𝑏1−𝛽𝜎_𝑖𝑗+(1−𝑏)1−𝛽𝜎_𝑖𝑗𝑥_𝑖,s.t.𝑋^𝑇𝑒=1,𝑋≥0. (2.24) By using (2.12), we can set an investment limit for each stock, and thus the model is expressed as follows: max𝑓𝑥_𝑖=^𝑛_𝑖=1𝑏𝛽𝑟_𝑖+(1−𝑏)𝛽𝑟_𝑖𝑥_𝑖−^𝑛_𝑗=1𝑥_𝑗^𝑛_𝑖=1𝑏1−𝛽𝜎_𝑖𝑗+(1−𝑏)1−𝛽𝜎_𝑖𝑗𝑥_𝑖,s.t.𝑋^𝑇𝜇𝑒=1,_𝑖≥𝑥_𝑖≥0, (2.25) where 𝜇_𝑖 indicates the maximum amount of the stock 𝑖 in sthe portfolio.

Based on the investment behavior analysis and clear understanding of their risk reference as well as future expectations of the market, investors can utilize this model to solve effective programs of the portfolio. Fuzzy theory is widely used to solve time varying problems [8–18]; therefore, the following section will adopt the model we generated to solve the practice problems.

3. Empirical Study on the Stock Investment Portfolio

3.1. Data

The principle of decentralization can reduce the nonsystematic risk of the portfolio. In accordance with the principle of decentralization, we use twenty stocks which are selected from different industries. In order to provide investors with multiple choices, these stocks have different enterprise growth rates.

We use Chinese stocks to test our fuzzy investment portfolio model. The primary data come from CSMAR database produced by GTA company. We select 20 stocks and the data include each stock’s weekly opening prices and weekly closing prices for the 100 weeks from June 11, 2010, to May 18, 2012.

3.2. Variables

In order to compute the expected returns, we use the historical average return to estimate the expected return. On this basis, we can make interval estimation of the returns by utilizing the fuzzy statistical method and thus construct a number of reasonable income sets.

Since many stocks distribute a little dividend to investors, the weekly dividend can be ignored because the dividend will be very small after being divided into every week. So in this paper, we discard the dividend and only take into account the stock trading prices change. We use the price change during each week. The weekly return is calculated as 𝑟_𝑖𝑡=𝑝_𝑖𝑡−𝑝_𝑖𝑡0𝑝_𝑖𝑡0, (3.1) where 𝑟_𝑖𝑡 is stock 𝑖’s return during week 𝑡 (𝑖=1,2,…,20; 𝑡=1,2,…,52). Meanwhile, 𝑝_𝑖𝑡0 is the opening price of stock 𝑖 on week 𝑡 and 𝑝_𝑖𝑡 is the closing price of stock 𝑖 on week  𝑡.

3.3. Interval Determined by Fuzzy Statistical Method

3.3.1. Determination of Return Intervals

As for the return interval, we compute it as follows.(1)Based on the stocks’ weekly returns for 100 weeks, we divide them into 10 subintervals. Then we count the number of actual return rate contained within each subinterval.(2)The number of returns is the degree of membership of each interval.(3)The final return interval is the interval which the sum of each median multiplied membership degree locates in. The stock returns are listed in Table 1.

Table 1 

The stock return intervals.

3.3.2. Determination of Risks Intervals

Based on Markowitz mean-variance model, we use the variance of the stock returns to measure the level of investment risk. Stock return variance is calculated as follows.(1)Based on the stock’ weekly returns for 100 weeks, we divide the returns into 10 subintervals and count the number of returns in each subinterval.(2)The number of returns is the degree of membership of each interval.(3)We define that  𝑎_𝑖 and 𝑏_𝑖  are the upper and lower bounds for each interval, respectively. Thus  𝜇_𝑢 and 𝜇_𝑙  are, respectively, the upper and lower bounds of the interval which the product of the mean of return range and the degree of membership are in. Denote 𝑈  as a fuzzy set, where {𝑥_𝑖=[𝑎_𝑖,𝑏_𝑖],𝑖=1,2,…,𝑁} comprises the set 𝑈. Thus the means can be expressed as  𝐹𝜇=[𝜇_𝑙,𝜇_𝑢]. We define that {𝑥_𝑖=[𝑎_𝑖,𝑏_𝑖],𝑖=1,2,…,𝑛} is a random fuzzy sample from set 𝑈, where the mean of the sample is  𝐹𝑋=[𝜇_𝑙,𝜇_𝑢], which is the return set. Further, we denote  𝑐_𝑖=(𝑎_𝑖+𝑏_𝑖)/2, 𝑙_𝑖=|𝑏_𝑖−𝑎_𝑖|, 𝑐=(𝜇_𝑙+𝜇_𝑢)/2,  and 𝑙=|𝜇_𝑢−𝜇_𝑙|, 𝑐̂=(𝜇_𝑙+𝜇_𝑢)/2, 𝑙̂=|𝜇_𝑢−𝜇_𝑙|, then variance of the fuzzy set can be expressed as 𝐹𝜎²=∑^𝑁_𝑖=1𝑐_𝑖−𝑐²𝑁,∑^𝑁_𝑖=1𝑙_𝑖−𝑙²𝑁,𝐹𝑆²=∑^𝑛_𝑖=1𝑐_𝑖−𝑐̂²,∑𝑛−1^𝑁𝑖=1𝑙_𝑖−𝑙̂².𝑛−1 (3.2)(3.3)(4) Then we substitute the respective values into (3.3) to calculate the variance of stocks.

The results are in Table 2.

Table 2 

Variance based on fuzzy method.

In this model, the risk of the stock is expressed by the covariance matrix than risk losing rate. In order to determine the interval for the variance the traditional approach is to directly select the range of variance fluctuation. Then it is expressed as 𝛼²±𝑎, where 𝑎 is a given constant. But there are no studies about the determination of covariance interval. Therefore this paper defines the covariance by determining the variance of interval numbers. By using  𝑎=0.0001, the covariance interval is determined.

3.4. Empirical Results

3.4.1. Estimation without Investment Limit

Next, in order to figure out the role of the investment limit on the portfolio, we also calculate the portfolio without setting maximum investment ratio and list the results in Table 3.

Table 3 

The investment portfolio of different market expectations without limits.

3.4.2. Estimation with Investment Limit

In order to show the role of risk controlling, we set a maximum investment ratio for each stock which depends on the investor’s risk preference. The investor’ risk preference can be calculated in accordance with investor’s risk preference decision model. Given the different expectations of the investors on the market in the future, the optimal portfolio of investors can be calculated.

Firstly, we assume that the investor's target return is [10%,12%]. Then we calculated the interval of investors risk preference [0.6031,0.6454] using the risk preference decision parameter 𝛽. We can find that the investor is the slight risk preferences type. This paper sets the maximum investment ratio on each stock on the level of 0.2, that is, 𝜇_𝑖=0.2. Then the portfolio can be comprised of at least 5 stocks, which can relatively reduce investment risk. We assume the investor’s market expectations are, respectively,  𝑏=0,  𝑏=0.3,  𝑏=0.5,  𝑏=0.8,  and 𝑏=1. The results are listed in Table 4.

Table 4 

The investment portfolio of different market expectations under the conditions of limited investment ratio.

Table 4 shows that the investment portfolio only includes a few stocks. Some stocks such as Tellus and ZY Environment have not been selected regardless of the market expectations. The reason is that the expected returns of selected stocks are stable and they have higher expected return range. In Table 4, we find that the investment ratios of Vanke and Victor onward Textile are 0.2, respectively, because their expected return range is positive. Meanwhile, these two stocks are less risky. Meanwhile, the investment ratio of Advanced Technology is 0.2 as well, since the investment return of the Advanced Technology is more stable than that of other stocks regardless of economic situation. Investment proportion of DaTong Gas is high in bad economic environment. However, when the economy becomes better, the investment proportion gradually declines due to its instable return. Therefore this stock is a good choice for risk-averse investor.

In the contrary, the impact of the economic situation on Sinosteel is more significant, which is reflected by the big expected return interval. So the investment ratio gradually increases when the economic situation becomes better. The value shows a decreasing trend. Therefore the maximum value of the model will show an increasing trend as the economic situation improves.

By comparing Tables 3 and 4, we find that without the investment limit, the investment portfolio consists more of Vanke and Victor onward Textile, especially in the case of a poor economic situation. But when the economy becomes better, the investment portfolio becomes to include Sinosteel. It shows that Sinosteel is more significantly influenced by the economic situation. In conclusion, we find that the expected returns and risk are both increasing without investment restrictions. Therefore, the risk can be reduced if the investment limit is set in the portfolio.

In comparison to the current research on the investment portfolio, our model’s results show the optimal selection portfolio for investors with different risk preference; that is, each investor can set an expected return and risk level and thus makes his/her decision according to this level. Meanwhile, our model can set the maximum risk limit. Through this restriction, investment risk can be under control in a certain level, because it’s hard for investors to always find a minimum risk.

4. Conclusions

In this paper, we use fuzzy set theory to extend Markowitz mean-variance portfolio model and test this model in Chinese stock market. The results indicates that fuzzy set theory is useful to avoid the problems of Markowitz mean-variance portfolio model and takes into account different expected return levels and risk preference levels. The paper also uses 20 Chinese stocks to test the model’s efficiency. We find that the risk can be minimized by our fuzzy investment portfolio model through adding the maximum investment portion. The model is finally proved to be useful in investment practice.

Fuzzy investment portfolio selection model can be used in many fields such as stock markets, futures market and stock index futures markets, and so forth. Further, the portfolio model can set more intervals according to investors’ needs, which will be more detailed when intervals become smaller.

Acknowledgment

This study was sponsored by the National Science Foundation of China (nos. 71103049, 71271069, and 71031003), the Humanity and Social Science Research Foundation (10YJC790070), and the Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education (20112302120038) of MoE.