Table 6: Comparison of PACO with three PSO-based algorithms.

No. Problem BKS DPSO-SA [18] SR-2 [20] CPSO-SA [19] PACO 1 A-n33-k5 32 5 661 661 */32.2 661 */13 661 */0.7 661 */0.12 2 A-n46-k7 45 7 914 914 */128.9 914 */23 917/2.4 914 */0.16 3 A-n60-k9 59 9 1354 1354 */308.8 1355/40 1354 */6.5 1354 */14.15 4 B-n35-k5 34 5 955 955 */37.6 955 */14 955 */1.2 955 */0.06 5 B-n45-k5 44 5 751 751 */134.2 751 */20 751 */4.8 751 */1.12 6 B-n68-k9 67 9 1272 1272 */344.2 1274/50 1274/27.2 1275/87.19 7 B-n78-k10 77 10 1221 1239/429.4 1223/64 1237/24 1221 */54.38 8 E-n30-k3 29 3 534 534 */28.4 534 */16 534 */0.3 534 */0.05 9 E-n51-k5 50 5 521 528/300.5 521 */22 521 */4.6 521 */0.51 10 E-n76-k7 75 7 682 688/526.5 682 */60 692/9.5 685/18.95 11 F-n72-k4 71 4 237 244/398.3 237 */53 237 */5.3 237 */6.28 12 F-n135-k7 134 7 1162 1215/1526.3 1162 */258 1200/202.8 1170/246.85 13 M-n101-k10 100 10 820 824/874.2 820 */114 825/6.1 820 */66.02 14 M-n121-k7 120 7 1034 1038/1733.5 1036/89 1039/51.5 1034 */8.18 15 P-n76-K4 75 4 593 602/496.3 594/48 596/27.6 593 */8.61 16 P-n101-k4 100 4 681 694/977.5 683/86 691/29.4 683/25.7

Notes: = f(best solution)/shortest CPU Time (s), BKS is the best-known solution provided by published papers, DPSO-SA used Intel Pentium IV CPU 1.8 GHz with 256 M RAM, SR-2 used Intel Pentium IV CPU 3.4 GHz with 1 GB RAM, and CPSO-SA used Intel Core 2 CPU E8400 3 GHz with 3.5 G RAM.