Research Article
Landslide Susceptibility Assessment in Vietnam Using Support Vector Machines, Decision Tree, and Naïve Bayes Models
Table 1
Normalized classes of landslide conditioning factors used.
| Data layers | Class | Class pixels (%) | Landslide pixels (%) | Frequency ratio | Attribute | Normalized classes |
| Slope angle (°) | 0–10 | 42.82 | 0.20 | 0.005 | 2 | 0.26 | 10–20 | 29.13 | 29.93 | 1.028 | 4 | 0.58 | 20–30 | 20.25 | 54.75 | 2.704 | 5 | 0.74 | 30–40 | 6.84 | 14.31 | 2.094 | 6 | 0.90 | 40–50 | 0.93 | 0.80 | 0.862 | 3 | 0.42 | >50 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.000 | 1 | 0.10 |
| Slope aspect | Flat (−1) | 0.06 | 0.00 | 0.000 | 1 | 0.10 | North (0–22.5 and 337.5–360) | 12.02 | 4.70 | 0.391 | 2 | 0.20 | Northeast (22.5–67.5) | 14.56 | 11.81 | 0.811 | 6 | 0.60 | East (67.5–112.5) | 12.06 | 7.81 | 0.648 | 5 | 0.50 | Southeast (112.5–157.5) | 12.04 | 14.51 | 1.206 | 7 | 0.70 | South (157.5–202.5) | 12.90 | 22.72 | 1.761 | 8 | 0.80 | Southwest (202.5–247.5) | 14.60 | 26.33 | 1.804 | 9 | 0.90 | West (247.5–292.5) | 11.31 | 7.11 | 0.628 | 4 | 0.40 | Northwest (292.5–337.5) | 10.46 | 5.01 | 0.478 | 3 | 0.30 |
| Relief amplitude (m) | 0–50 | 27.00 | 1.10 | 0.041 | 1 | 0.10 | 50–100 | 23.97 | 25.43 | 1.061 | 3 | 0.42 | 100–150 | 22.98 | 41.04 | 1.786 | 6 | 0.90 | 150–200 | 14.75 | 20.12 | 1.364 | 5 | 0.74 | 200–250 | 7.06 | 8.41 | 1.190 | 4 | 0.58 | 250–532 | 4.24 | 3.90 | 0.920 | 2 | 0.26 |
| Lithology | Group 1 | 4.08 | 6.31 | 1.546 | 6 | 0.77 | Group 2 | 39.62 | 33.43 | 0.844 | 4 | 0.50 | Group 3 | 32.55 | 27.13 | 0.833 | 3 | 0.37 | Group 4 | 11.65 | 21.62 | 1.856 | 7 | 0.90 | Group 5 | 1.18 | 0.00 | 0.000 | 1 | 0.10 | Group 6 | 5.62 | 7.81 | 1.389 | 5 | 0.63 | Group 7 | 5.29 | 3.70 | 0.700 | 2 | 0.23 |
| Land use | Populated area | 7.53 | 14.01 | 1.862 | 10 | 0.75 | Orchard land | 3.71 | 2.50 | 0.674 | 7 | 0.54 | Paddy land | 9.17 | 4.10 | 0.448 | 5 | 0.39 | Protective forestland | 8.58 | 20.32 | 2.368 | 12 | 0.90 | Natural forestland | 31.91 | 15.62 | 0.489 | 6 | 0.46 | Productive forestland | 11.72 | 22.62 | 1.930 | 11 | 0.83 | Water | 3.97 | 1.00 | 0.252 | 4 | 0.32 | Annual crop land | 1.60 | 0.20 | 0.125 | 3 | 0.25 | Nontree rocky mountain | 4.08 | 7.21 | 1.767 | 9 | 0.68 | Barren land | 16.95 | 12.41 | 0.732 | 8 | 0.61 | Specially used forestland | 0.36 | 0.00 | 0.000 | 2 | 0.17 | Grass land | 0.43 | 0.00 | 0.000 | 1 | 0.10 |
| Soil type | Eutric fluvisols | 3.49 | 6.11 | 1.751 | 12 | 0.83 | Degraded soil | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.000 | 3 | 0.23 | Limestone mountain | 14.42 | 15.12 | 1.048 | 9 | 0.63 | Ferralic acrisols | 36.53 | 43.84 | 1.200 | 10 | 0.70 | Rhodic ferralsols | 8.97 | 3.40 | 0.379 | 7 | 0.50 | Humic acrisols | 30.91 | 28.13 | 0.910 | 8 | 0.57 | Dystric fluvisols | 0.73 | 2.80 | 3.828 | 13 | 0.90 | Dystric gleysols | 0.39 | 0.60 | 1.524 | 11 | 0.77 | Luvisols | 0.46 | 0.00 | 0.000 | 4 | 0.30 | Humic ferralsols | 1.15 | 0.00 | 0.000 | 5 | 0.37 | Populated area | 0.44 | 0.00 | 0.000 | 2 | 0.17 | Water | 2.41 | 0.00 | 0.000 | 1 | 0.10 | Gley fluvisols | 0.08 | 0.00 | 0.000 | 6 | 0.43 |
| Rainfall (mm) | 362–470 | 22.48 | 27.23 | 1.211 | 3 | 0.63 | 470–540 | 46.40 | 35.84 | 0.772 | 2 | 0.37 | 540– 610 | 22.18 | 9.01 | 0.406 | 1 | 0.10 | 610–950 | 8.94 | 27.93 | 3.125 | 4 | 0.90 |
| Distance to roads (m) | 0–40 | 1.40 | 41.64 | 29.755 | 4 | 0.90 | 40–80 | 1.68 | 21.52 | 12.788 | 3 | 0.63 | 80–120 | 1.88 | 4.70 | 2.509 | 2 | 0.37 | >120 | 95.04 | 32.13 | 0.338 | 1 | 0.10 |
| Distance to rivers (m) | 0–40 | 3.86 | 14.41 | 3.731 | 4 | 0.90 | 40–80 | 4.52 | 12.41 | 2.747 | 3 | 0.63 | 80–120 | 4.82 | 8.31 | 1.725 | 2 | 0.37 | >120 | 86.80 | 64.86 | 0.747 | 1 | 0.10 |
| Distance to faults (m) | 0–200 | 18.09 | 24.02 | 1.328 | 5 | 0.90 | 200–400 | 15.95 | 11.61 | 0.728 | 2 | 0.30 | 400–700 | 19.89 | 24.22 | 1.218 | 3 | 0.50 | 700–1,000 | 14.31 | 18.42 | 1.287 | 4 | 0.70 | >1,000 | 31.75 | 21.72 | 0.684 | 1 | 0.10 |
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