Dynamic Analysis of a Two-Language Competitive Model with Control Strategies

Figure 3

The optimal adjoint variables, states, and control variable for the optimal control problem with𝑐=𝑘=0.5,𝑠=0.7,𝛼=1, and𝐶₁=0.1: (a) the optimal adjoint variables𝜆₁,𝜆₂, and𝜆₃; (b) the optimal states of languages𝑋,𝑌and bilingual𝐵; and (c) the control variable𝜇with different weight factor𝐶₂.

(a)

(b)

(c)