A Model for Urban Environment and Resource Planning Based on Green GDP Accounting System

Table 2

Accounting method for each direct ecosystem service (DES).

DES	Method	Formula
Aesthetic	Hedonic pricing	Trees can increase real estate prices by 5–10%, which can be a basis for accounting for aesthetic value
Water conservation	Market price	DES1 = (𝑅−𝐸)×𝐴×𝐸𝑝,; where DES1 is the water restoration per unit area, yuan/(hm^2·yr), 𝑅 is average rainfall, mm/yr, 𝐸 is average evaporation, mm/yr, 𝐴 is the study area (hm^2), and 𝐸𝑝 is the shadow price of water, 0.67 yuan/m^3
Gas regulation
SO2 absorption	Shadow price	DES2 = 𝑄𝑑2×𝐶𝑑2×𝑆,; where DES2 is the value of absorbing SO2 of per unit area of ecosystem, yuan/(hm^2·yr), 𝑄𝑑2 is ability of SO2 absorption of per unit area of ecosystem, ton/(hm^2·yr), 𝐶𝑑2 is the engineering cost for reducing SO2, 1 090 yuan/ton, and 𝑆 is the study area acreage (hm^2).
Reducing particulate; matter (PM)	Substitute cost	DES3 = 𝑄𝑑3×𝐶𝑑3×𝑆,; where DES3 is the value of reducing PM per unit area, yuan/(hm^2·yr),𝑄𝑑3 is the ability to reduce PM per unit area, t/ (hm^2·yr), 𝐶𝑑3 is the cost of reducing PM, 170 yuan/ton, and 𝑆 is the study area (hm^2)
Cultural	—	The average scientific cultural value of the global temperate forest ecosystem is 99 yuan/(hm^2·year)