An Improved Self-Adaptive PSO Algorithm with Detection Function for Multimodal Function Optimization Problems

Figure 5

Evolution of the optimal value and average value of Schaffer function for the algorithms (a) PSO+SIW, (b) PSO+LIW, (c) PSO+NLIW, and (d) IDPSO.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)