Nonsmooth Dynamic Behaviors Inherited from an Ecohydrological Model: Mutation, Bifurcation, and Chaos

Figure 8

(a) The chaotic phase diagram; (b) The Lyapunov exponent. Here (𝑤₀,𝑤₁,𝑝)=(1,4,8.2); (c) the irrigation time series.

(a)

(b)

(c)