(a)  Deterministic crowding

(b) Probabilistic crowding

(c) Sequential fitness sharing

(d) Clearing procedure

(e) CBN

(f) SCGA

(g) AEGA

(h) Clonal selction algorithm

(i) AiNet

(j) CAB

Figure 3: Typical results of the maximization of . (a)–(j) Local and global optima located by all ten algorithms in the performance comparison.