A Differential Evolution with Two Mutation Strategies and a Selection Based on an Improved Constraint-Handling Technique for Bilevel Programming Problems

Table 7

Comparison of the proposed algorithm with the algorithms in the literature for the first set of nonlinear BLPPs.

Problem/literature	The result by the proposed algorithm		The result in the literature
	𝐹(𝑥^∗,𝑦^∗)	𝑓(𝑥^∗,𝑦^∗)	𝐹(𝑥^∗,𝑦^∗)	𝑓(𝑥^∗,𝑦^∗)
B.1/[25]	0.00	100.00	0	100
B.2/[30]	−12.68	−1.01	−12.68	−1.02
B.3/[31]	6600.00	24.58, 29.54	6600	11.92, 64.68
B.4/[23]	9.56	1.61, 7.09, 0	9.57	1.61, 7.10, 0
B.5/[23]	1.98	−1.98	1.98	−1.95
B.6/[32]	−29.20	0.31	−29.20	0.31
B.7/[25]	0.00	100.00	0	100
B.8/[25]	0.00	100.00	0	100
B.9/[25]	0.00	7.61	0.00	7.62
B.10/[25]	0.00	0.31	0.00	0.31