Analytic Solutions of the Space-Time Fractional Combined KdV-mKdV Equation

Abdel-Salam, Emad A.-B.; Al-Muhiameed, Zeid I. A.

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/871635

Mathematical Problems in Engineering

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Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2015 | Article ID 871635 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/871635

Analytic Solutions of the Space-Time Fractional Combined KdV-mKdV Equation

Emad A.-B. Abdel-Salam^1,2and Zeid I. A. Al-Muhiameed³

Academic Editor: Zhong-Ke Gao

Received27 May 2014

Revised25 Aug 2014

Accepted26 Aug 2014

Published22 Feb 2015

Abstract

The fractional mapping method is proposed to solve fractional differential equations. To illustrate the effectiveness of the method, we discuss the space-time fractional combined KdV-mKdV equation. Many types of exact analytical solutions are obtained. The solutions include generalized trigonometric and hyperbolic functions solutions. These solutions are useful to understand the mechanisms of the complicated nonlinear physical phenomena and fractional differential equations. Among these solutions, some are found for the first time.

1. Introduction

In the last two decades, a large class of fractional differential equations (FDEs) have been derived and widely applied in various branches of natural science such as chemistry, biology, mathematics, communication, and particularly in almost all branches of physics. Numerical and analytical solutions of FDEs play an important role in nonlinear phenomena; especially in nonlinear physical problems since they can provide much physical information, thus leading to further applications. Seeking the numerical and analytical solutions of FDEs has long been an interesting and hot topic in the nonlinear mathematical physics [1–7]. Many effective methods for obtaining numerical and analytical solutions of FDEs have been presented such as finite difference method [8, 9], finite element method [10], Adomian decomposition method [11, 12], differential transform method [13], variational iteration method [14–16], homotopy perturbation method [17, 18], spectral methods [19, 20], discontinuous Galerkin method [21], Kansa method [22], the fractional subequation method [23], and generalized fractional subequation method [24]. Abdel-Salam and Yousif [25] introduced the fractional Riccati expansion method to obtain analytical solutions of FDEs with constant coefficients. They solved the space-time fractional KdV equation, regularized long-wave equation, Boussinesq equation, and Klein-Gordon equation. In this research paper, we introduce the fractional mapping method to obtain many exact traveling wave solutions of nonlinear FDEs with the Jumarie’s modified Riemann-Liouville derivative [26–28]. We apply the considered method to solve the space-time fractional combined KdV-mKdV equation.

The structure of this paper is as follows: some basic definitions of the fractional calculus and the description of the fractional mapping method are introduced in Section 2. In Section 3, we apply the fractional mapping method for solving the space-time fractional combined KdV-mKdV equation. Finally, we discuss the findings and conclude.

2. Description of the Fractional Mapping Method

In this section we present the fractional mapping method to construct exact analytical solutions of nonlinear FDEs with the modified Riemann-Liouville derivative defined by Jumarie [26–28]: which has merits over the original one, for example, the -order derivative of a constant is zero. Some properties of the Jumarie’s modified Riemann-Liouville derivative are where is constant. The formulas (4) and (5) follow from the fractional Leibniz rule and the fractional Barrow’s formula [29]. In addition, Kolwankar obtained the same formula (4) by using an approach on Cantor space [30]. In addition, Jumarie in [31] gave detailed proofs of the above formulas (see Proposition 3.1 page 1746 and Section 4 (Some Basic Formulae for Fractional Derivative and Integral) page 1748). The above properties play an important role in the fractional mapping method. The main steps of this method are described as follows.

Step 1. Suppose that the nonlinear FDE, say in two variables and , is given by where and are Jumarie’s modified Riemann-Liouville derivatives of , is an unknown function, is a polynomial in , and its various partial derivatives.

Step 2. By using the traveling wave transformation where and are constants to be determined later. The nonlinear FDE (6) is reduced to the following nonlinear fractional ordinary differential equation (FODE) for :

Step 3. We assume that can be expressed by a finite power series of : where are constants to be determined later, is a positive integer determined by balancing the linear term of the highest order with the nonlinear term in (8) and satisfies the fractional elliptic equation: where , , and are constants. Using the Mittag-Leffler function in one parameter , (10) has different solutions, so we ought to discuss solution of (10) in the following cases (detailed proof of these cases is in the appendix).

Case 1. If , , and, then (10) has the following solution:

Case 2. If , , and , then (10) has the solution .

Case 3. If , , and , then (10) has the following solution:

Case 4. If , , and then (10) has the solution .

Case 5. If , , and , then (10) has the solution .

Case 6. If , , and , then (10) has the solution .

Case 7. If , , and , then (10) has the solution

Case 8. If , , and , then (10) has the solution

Case 9. If , , and , then (10) has the solution where the generalized hyperbolic and trigonometric functions are defined as

Step 4. Substituting (9) into the FODE (8) and taking into account (10), the left-hand side of (8) can be converted into a polynomial in . Equating each coefficient of the polynomial to zero yields system of algebraic equations for , and .

Step 5. By solving the system obtained in Step 4, the constants , and can be expressed by the parameters , , and. Depending on the chosen values of , , and the function possesses the traveling wave solutions as given above, then the fractional mapping method (8) has the traveling wave solution of the nonlinear FDE (6).

3. The Space-Time Fractional Combined KdV-mKdV Equation

The Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation, together with its extensions, has been used to describe the balance between nonlinear wave steepening and linear wave dispersion. Also, it is used as the model for nonlinear long waves in different dynamical contexts, including the ion acoustic waves in plasmas, shallow water waves in channels and oceans, pulse waves in large arteries, and surface waves in nonlinear lattice [32]. On the other hand, as an extended form of the KdV equation, the modified KdV (mKdV) equation has been applied to describe the electromagnetic waves in size-quantized films, Alfvén waves in collision less plasmas, interfacial waves in two-layer liquids, and transmission lines in the Schottky barrier. For certain environmental conditions, when the quadratic nonlinear term is small, the cubic nonlinear term becomes the major one and should be taken into account. The corresponding equation is the space-time fractional combined KdV-mKdV equation, for the internal solitary waves in shallow seas and atmosphere dust-acoustic solitary waves and ion acoustic waves in plasmas with negative ions: where , , and are constants, which is a transformed generalization of the combined KdV-mKdV equation [33–35]. In order to solve (17) by the fractional mapping method, we use the traveling wave transformation , , then, (17) is reduced to the following nonlinear FODE: Balancing with gives. Therefore, the solution of (18) can be expressed as Substituting (19) into (18) using (10) and setting the coefficients of to zero, we get The general formula for the travelling wave solution of the space-time fractional combined KdV-mKdV equation (17) is By selecting the special value of , , , and the corresponding function , we get the following solutions of (17): The remaining solutions can be obtained in a similar manner. With the best of our knowledge, the solutions (24) and (26) are presented for the first time. Also, we can obtain the same solutions (22) and (23) from the fractional Riccati expansion method [25]. When , we obtain the classical combined KdV-mKdV equation as special case of (17). Solutions given in (22)–(26) reduced to the well known solutions of the combined KdV-mKdV equation

4. Conclusions and Discussions

In this paper, to construct exact analytical solutions of nonlinear FDEs, the fractional mapping method is presented. The space-time fractional combined KdV-mKdV equation is chosen to demonstrate the power of the method. Many exact solutions of the space-time fractional combined KdV-mKdV equation are derived; these include the generalized hyperbolic and trigonometric function solutions. To the best of our knowledge, some of the solutions obtained in this research paper have not been reported in literature. Mathematical packages can be used to perform more complicated and tedious algebraic calculations. The fractional mapping method can be applied to other nonlinear FDEs. How to extend other methods used for solving differential equations such as Fan subequation method, auxiliary subequation method, and the projective Riccati equation method to handle FDEs is worthy to study. This is our task in the future.

Appendix

The product of two power series are given by where . If is a natural number, then where and [36]. For simplicity, we suppose that From the definition of and , we can get the following inequality: Dividing by and , we have Similarly, we suppose that The fractional derivatives of the Mittag-Leffler function take the form From (A.7) and (A.8), we can get the derivatives of the generalized hyperbolic functions By using these inequalities, we proof the nine cases

Case A.1. If , , and, then (10) has the solution . Then, the two sides are equal. By the same manner, the other formulas can be derived.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

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Copyright

Copyright © 2015 Emad A.-B. Abdel-Salam and Zeid I. A. Al-Muhiameed. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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