Abstract
Recently, freeform surfaces are widely used in optical field. Fabrication of freeform surface optics needs high machining accuracy and high efficiency simultaneously. Using the present ultraprecision manufacturing technologies, the form accuracy of freeform surfaces can reach submicrometric or even nanometer range but at the cost of low efficiency; moreover, the form accuracy cannot be predicted; the number and the position of cutter points cannot be accurately controlled before practical machining. A novel strategy of cutter points distribution is proposed in the paper, which is based on the required accuracy of the freeform surface and the machining efficiency can be improved by eliminating redundant cutter points on the processing trajectory. The new idea is detailed, simulations are conducted, and experiments are done to verify the feasibility of the proposed method in fabricating two sinusoidal ring surfaces.
1. Introduction
With the development of high-technology, the optical freeform components have become more and more widely applied in recent years, especially in advanced optical system. For such system, the freeform components can minimize system sizes, lower weight, enhance imaging quality, and provide some other advantages [1–3]. Using the current micro- and ultraprecision machining techniques, the optical freeform surface can be achieved to a few nanometers in roughness and submicron in form error [4, 5], while the high quality generally is at the cost of lower efficiency and the form accuracy cannot be predicted ahead of actual machining. To meet the growing demands on high-precision quality with high efficiency, the study of this issue becomes more and more essential.
There are many literatures analyzing the efficiency issue from different topics, such as optimizing machining parameters [6–8], modelling, and simulation of surface roughness [9, 10]. However, few papers concentrate on the optimization of cutter point distribution. According to traditional methods, the more the number of cutter points are, the higher the quality of machined surface will be. While this strategy ignores the case that some cutter points are not necessary to obtain high-precision surface, on the contrary, they may decrease the machining efficiency, so the effective cutter points are very important for the improvement of machining efficiency.
For cutter point, the commonly used generation methods are getting the point equally spaced angles and equally spaced chords in plane spiral tool path [11, 12]. Although the cutter points generated by these ways can both meet the precision acquirements through multiple-stage processes, one disadvantage of these methods is that the form accuracy cannot be controlled before actual machining and the form accuracy only can be known after measurement. Besides, the obtained form accuracy is uniform on the whole machined surface, which is related to the profile of surface to be machined.
In this paper, the cutter point generation method based on form accuracy control in whole surface is studied, and the single point diamond turning (SPDT) technology is adopted to analyze the improved method. The main purpose is to generate the effective cutter point according to the given form accuracy requirement, which can both increase the machining efficiency and predict the precision ahead of machining. To verify the novel cutter points’ generation method, experiments are done for machining two sinusoidal ring surfaces with different required form accuracy.
2. Cutter Point of Equally Spaced Angles
For SPDT, the trajectory of diamond tool is composed by a series of cutter points. Generally, the model of the ultraprecision diamond turning machining tool is shown in Figure 1, and the cutter points are firstly generated in -plane spiral, and the -value of points can be calculated according to the corresponding radial position and spindle rotation angle. Then, the three-dimensional coordinate of cutter points can be confirmed.
Equally spaced angles is the most common method used to generate cutter points on -plane spiral cutter tool path, and some typical complex surfaces with high precision are machined using the cutter points generated by equally spaced angles, such as off-axis aspheric surface [1, 3, 13] and microlens array [14–16]. Equally spaced angles refering to the central angles are equal for any adjacent cutter points on the same spiral revolution. The schematic diagram of equally spaced angles is shown in Figure 2.
The form accuracy of machined surface can be seen as a measure which is used to evaluate the effective of the adopted cutter points. Since the ideal curve is approximated by polylines which composed by cutter points, the chord error must be existent between ideal curve and approximated polylines. So, the form accuracy can be reflected by chord error of cutter tool path, and the smaller chord error is, the higher form accuracy is.
To further analyze the characteristic of equally spaced angle points, the sinusoidal ring surface is taken as the example. The equation of sinusoidal ring surface is presented aswhere is the amplitude, is the angular velocity, and is the offset distance of the sinusoidal surface. is the radius of cylindrical workpiece. Let mm, , mm, and mm; the cutter points generated with equally spaced angles on -plane is displayed in Figure 2. The practical cutter tool path is three-dimensional and the chord error of space cutter tool path can transform into that of relation curve between radial position and -coordinate. The cutter point generated using equally spaced angles in curve is illustrated in Figure 3, where the chord error is convenient to be analyzed and calculated. According to the used plane spiral, the total number of generated cutter points is 255. The change of chord error for two adjacent points in curve is demonstrated in Figure 4. As shown in Figure 4, the chord error has great fluctuation and the trend of variation is similar to sinusoid. The chord error has the range from about 2.42 μm to 0.304 μm, which cannot reach the requirement of the harmoniousness for form accuracy in whole surface.
It can be found that the equally spaced angles cannot achieve the prediction of form accuracy when generating the cutter points, which not only lower the efficiency, but also lower the quality of whole surface, so it is very necessary to research a method that generates the cutter point according to the limitation of form accuracy in whole surface.
3. Method of Form Accuracy Control
The main idea of form accuracy control proposed in this paper is generating cutter point based on the given requirement for form accuracy rather than confirmation about the range of accuracy after generating the point. This new method can predict form accuracy and increase the harmoniousness of accuracy in whole surface.
The schematic diagram of the proposed method is indicated in Figure 5, where the spiral tool path is converted into the curve . Suppose is the original point and the chord error is to be controlled. Assume that is the next point to be solved and is the location where is located, respectively. The chord error can be expressed asNotice that the slope of curve in is equal to the slope of straight line ; the equation expressing the slope is so, according to and , the of can be calculated from (2) and (3). The of can be computed by curve equation , and the point can be solved. Similarly, taking as the original point, the next point also can be obtained using the above solution process. Consequently, all cutter points on tool path can be generated in this way.
To verify the effectiveness of the proposed cutter point generation method, cutter points of sinusoidal ring surface are generated under the condition of two kinds of form accuracy, which are 1 μm and 0.1 μm, respectively. Let the location of initial point be (0, −30), and the cutter point can be obtained by (2). The generated two kinds of cutter points on tool path are displayed in Figure 6. As shown in Figures 6(a) and 6(b), the number of effective cutter points is 200 and 650 when the chord error requires 1 μm and 0.1 μm, respectively. Compared with the number of cutter points and the form accuracy for traditional equally spaced angles method mentioned in Figures 3 and 4, the machining effectiveness and form accuracy in whole surface are greatly improved for the proposed cutter point generation method.
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To test the practicability of the proposed method, the chord error for produced tool path composed of calculated cutter points is computed, and the result is demonstrated in Figure 7. Figures 7(a) and 7(b) show that the chord errors are basically kept in 1 μm and 0.1 μm, respectively, although the error is oscillated in range of the required accuracy. Figure 7 demonstrates that the improved cutter point generation method predicts the form accuracy and controls the form accuracy in whole surface before actual machining.
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4. Experiment and Analysis
Based on the above theory, two sinusoidal ring surfaces with the corresponding parameters given above were fabricated in ultraprecision machining system, the Nanoform250. Material of the workpieces is Al-6061. A diamond tool with the nose radius of 0.506 mm, including angle of 120° and clearance angle of 10°, was applied. Figure 8 gives the real machining situation. In the cutting process, the spindle speed is set to 2500 rpm, the cutting depth is set to be 10 μm. The form accuracy of the machined surfaces is measured by the TAYLOR HOBSON, which is a high-precision measuring instrument. The measurement processes are displayed in Figure 9. The measured curves of 1 μm predefined sinusoidal ring surface and 0.1 μm predefined sinusoidal ring surface are given by Figures 10 and 11, respectively.
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Figure 10(a) gives the original measured curve of the machined sinusoidal ring surface with the 1 μm predefined form accuracy. Figure 10(b) displays the matching graph about the theoretical curve and the corresponding practical measurement curve which is obtained by rotating and translating the original curve in the analysis area of Figure 10(a). To analyze the deviation between the theoretical curve and the measured curve, it is necessary to determine where the maximum deviation exits. In fact, the maximum deviations are located at the regions with the maximum curvature of the curve, therefore, the maximum deviations of the two curves is located at peek and trough of the sinusoidal curve. Therefore, the peek area and trough area of the sinusoidal curve are chosen to study deviation, as shown by regions marked “Region A” and “Region C” in Figure 10(b) or displayed by Figures 10(c) and 10(e). As a supplementary, the middle region between a peek area and its nearest trough area is also chosen to study the deviation, as shown by regions marked “Region B” in Figure 10(b) or displayed by Figure 10(d). From Figures 10(c) and 10(e), it can be seen that the maximum deviations located at peek and trough are about 2 μm and 1 μm, respectively. From Figure 10(d), it can be seen that the maximum deviation of the middle region between peek and trough is about 1 μm.
Figure 11(a) gives the original measured curve of the machined sinusoidal ring surface with the 0.1 μm predefined form accuracy. Figure 11(b) displays the matching graph about the theoretical curve and the corresponding practical measurement curve which is obtained by rotating and translating the original curve in the analysis area of Figure 11(a). To analyze the deviation between the theoretical curve and the measured curve, the peek area and trough area of the sinusoidal curve are chosen to study deviation, as shown by regions marked “Region D” and “Region F” in Figure 11(b) or displayed by Figures 11(c) and 11(e). As a supplementary, the middle region between a peek area and its nearest trough area is also chosen to study the deviation, as shown by regions marked “Region E” in Figure 11(b) or displayed by Figure 11(d). From Figures 11(c) and 11(e), it can be seen the the maximum deviations located at peek and trough are about 0.3 μm and 0.2 μm. From Figure 11(d), it can be seen the maximum deviation of the middle region between peek and trough is about 0.1 μm.
In real machining process, the PVT interpolating mode is used. Usually, execution time of each instruction is a constant, then total executing time of the program for predefined 0.1 μm form accuracy surface is about 3.25 (650/200) times as that for the predefined 1 μm form accuracy surface, whereas the form accuracy of the 0.1 μm form accuracy surface is about 10 times as that for the predefined 1 μm form accuracy surface.
5. Conclusions
Based on the theoretical analysis and experimental verification, the following conclusions can be drawn.(1)A novel cutter point generation method is presented based on the required form accuracy of the machining surface; this method can eliminate redundant cutter points, improve the machining efficiency, and predict the number and locations of the cutter points.(2)Simulations are conducted for two sinusoidal ring surfaces with 0.1 μm and 1 μm form accuracy, respectively, the deviation of the whole surface is predicted, and the number and locations of the cutter points are determined in advance.(3)Two Al-6061 workpieces with sinusoidal ring surfaces are machined which are based on the cutter points generated by the novel method. The profiles of the two machined sinusoidal ring surfaces are measured and analyzed. It can be found that, under different required form accuracy, different practical machined surfaces will be obtained. The practicability of the proposed method can be verified.
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
Acknowledgments
This work is supported by the National Key Basic Research and Development Program (973 Program) of China (Grant no. 2011CB706702), Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants nos. 51305161 and 51135006), and Jilin province science and technology development plan item (Grant no. 20130101042JC).