Abstract
This paper presents an equivalent-input-disturbance (EID-) based disturbance rejection method for fractional-order time-delay systems. First, a modified state observer is applied to reconstruct the state of the fractional-order time-delay plant. Then, a disturbance estimator is designed to actively compensate for the disturbances. Under such a construction of the system, by constructing a novel monochromatic Lyapunov function and using direct Lyapunov approach, the stability analysis and controller design algorithm are derived in terms of linear matrix inequality (LMI) technique. Finally, simulation results demonstrate the validity of the proposed method.
1. Introduction
Fractional calculus is a generalization of ordinary differentiation and integration to arbitrary (noninteger) order [1]. It was found that the description of some dynamic systems in interdisciplinary fields is more accurate when the fractional derivative is used [2, 3]. In the meantime, time-delays are inherent in many dynamic systems [4]. The delay terms may degrade the achievable control performance or even cause instability. In recent years, considerable attention has been paid to fractional-order time-delay systems [5, 6].
The question of stability is of main interest in the control theory. For integer-order systems, the second method of Lyapunov provides a way to analyze the stability of a system without explicitly solving the differential equations. On the base of this method, Li et al. proposed Lyapunov direct theorem for fractional system [7]. Based on the same idea, Baleanu et al. extended the theorem to fractional systems with delay and propose a fractional Lyapunov-Krasovskii stable theorem [8]. The idea of these fractional Lyapunov theorems is derived by constructing a positive definite function and calculating the fractional derivative of this function. However, by now there is not an effectively approach to deal with it, especially the fractional system with delay.
On the other hand, to enhance the control performance, the disturbance rejection for time-delay systems has been addressed in the control theory and engineering. Balochian et al. proposed a sliding mode control law to handle matched disturbances for the fractional-order systems with state delay [9]. control is widely used in disturbance rejection of both the integer-order and fractional-order systems. To calculate the performance, Moze et al. established a bounded real lemma for commensurate fractional-order systems [10]. However, even for the simplest state-feedback stabilization problem, it is not so easy to use parametrization techniques to obtain the feedback gain since the corresponding LMI involves two complex matrix variables. The state-feedback control problem for fractional-order systems was first discussed by Zhuang and Zhong [11]. Shen and Lam [12] addressed the state- feedback suboptimal control problem for fractional-order linear systems. By introducing a new real matrix variable, the feedback gain is decoupled with complex matrix variables and further parameterized by the new matrix variable. Due to the time-delay terms and the shortcoming of fractional direct Lyapunov theorem, to our best knowledge, there is no work relating to the control problem of fractional-order time-delay systems in the existing literature. Fortunately, the equivalent-input-disturbance (EID) [13, 14] is another effective approach to reject both matched and unmatched disturbances for integer-order linear systems [15].
The main objective of this paper is to extend EID disturbance rejection method to fractional-order time-delay systems. The main contribution of this paper is twofold. First, a modified state observer is used to reconstruct the state of the time-delay system in the EID-based control scheme. Second, by using direct Lyapunov approach, a novel monochromatic Lyapunov function was constructed and a stability condition as well as a design algorithm for the control system is derived using LMI techniques.
The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Preliminaries and problem formulation are provided in Section 2. In Section 3, an LMI-based stability condition and controller design algorithm are presented. A numerical example is illustrated to show the validity and superiority of the proposed method in Section 4, and a conclusion follows in Section 5.
2. Preliminaries and Problem Formulation
In this section, some basic definitions and properties (for more details see [1, 2]) are introduced, which will be used in the following sections.
The definitions for fractional derivative commonly used are Grunwald-Letnikov (GL), Riemann-Liouville (RL), and Caputo (C) definition. The advantage of Caputo approach is that the initial conditions for fractional differential equations with Caputo derivative take on the same form as those for integer-order ones [3]. In this paper, we adopt the Caputo definition for fractional derivative.
Definition 1 (Podlubny [1]). The Caputo derivative is defined by where is the well-known Gamma function which is defined by and is the first integer which is not less than , that is,
Definition 2 (see [16]). Let be the impulse response of a linear system. The diffusive representation (or frequency weighting function) of is called with the following relation: while the diffusive representation of is introduced as
Remark 3 (see [16]). It is worth noting that for the fractional-order integral operator can be written as where denote convolution operator and
Lemma 4 (see [16]). The fractional-order nonlinear differential equation due to the continuous frequency distributed model of the fractional integrator can be expressed aswhere is the same as in Definition 2.
In this paper, we consider the following factional-order time-delay system:where , , , and are the state of the plant, the control input, the output, and an external disturbance, respectively. , and are constant matrices of appropriate dimensions. is a given continuous initial state vector, and is a positive time-delay.
For convenience of discussion, we assume that has full row rank and its singular-value decomposition iswhere is a semipositive definite matrix and and are unitary matrices.
The definition of the EID-based disturbance rejection is defined as follows.
Definition 5 (She et al. [13]). For a controlled system, let the input be zero. A signal, , on the control input channel is called an EID of the disturbance , if it produces the same effect on the output as the disturbance does for all .
In the following, we consider the EID-based disturbance rejection for fractional-order time- delay system in Figure 1. The controllable and observable plant with Caputo definition of the fractional-order derivative is described by time-delay system (7).
In Figure 1, the internal model is described bywhich is used to guarantee perfect tracking error for a known reference input, . Since the reference input is known, and can be determined directly [15]. For example, if the reference input is a step signal, the parameters of the internal model could be selected as and .
To reproduce the state of the time-delay plant (7), we choose the following modified full-order state observer [17]:where is the reconstruction state of and the matrices and are to be determined.
Remark 6. Unlike the Luenberger-type observer constructed in [14, 15], fractional-order time-delay observer (10) contains two unknown system matrices, and , which give an opportunity to better adjust the dynamical stability of the observer-based fractional-order control system [17].
The state-feedback control law in Figure 1 is designed to bewhere and are the gain matrices to be designed.
As discussed in [13], the estimation of the EID in Figure 1 is designed aswhere . In fact, letting and substituting it into fractional-order time-delay system (7) yieldAssume that there exists a control input that satisfiesSubstituting (14) into (13) and letting the estimate of the EID beallow us to express observer (10) as
Observer (10) and (16) yieldIf we solve (17) for , then a least square solution is (12).
Since the output, , contains measurement noise, a low-pass filter is used to select the angular frequency band for the disturbance estimate. The state-space form of the filter is described aswhere is the state of the filter and is the filtered signal. The transfer function of the filter satisfieswhere is the highest angular frequency selected for disturbance estimation. A suitable filter has its cutoff angular frequency being more than 10 times larger than .
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the design problem of the full-order state observer (10) and the EID-based state-feedback control law :
3. Analysis and Controller Design of the Closed-Loop System
In this section, we will present an LMI-based method for both stability analysis and the parameter design for the proposed control law.
First, set the exogenous signals to be zero, that is,Then the fractional-order time-delay system (7) becomes
DefineIt follows from (23) and (10) thatFrom (10), (18), (20), (22), and (23), we haveCombining (12) and (20), filter (18) becomesSubstituting (21) and (23) into (9) yields the following form of the internal model:
SetThen the state-space representation of the closed-loop system in Figure 1 is derived as follows:whereThe state-feedback control law (11) is expressed aswhereSubstituting (31) into (29), we obtain the following general form of time-delay systems:where Now, the design problem can be stated as a stabilization problem of fractional-order time-delay system (33).
Remark 7. As we all know, plenty of LMI-based stability and stabilization conditions have been proposed for integer-order time-delay systems. However, by now, there is not a simple and effective approach to stabilize a fractional-order time-delay system according to the direct Lyapunov theorem and LMI technique.
In the following, we will propose a Lyapunov theorem for fractional-order system with delay and get an LMI-based stability condition.
Lemma 8. The fractional-order time-delay system (33) is asymptotically stable, if there exist symmetric positive definite matrices and , such that the following LMI is feasible:
Proof. It follows from Lemma 4 that the fractional-order time-delay system (33) can be written asLet us consider the Lyapunov functions: is the monochromatic Lyapunov function corresponding to the elementary frequency and is the Lyapunov function integrating all the monochromatic with the weighting function on the whole spectral range [18]. That is to say, we define our monochromatic Lyapunov function aswhere is symmetric and positive definite.
The time derivative of taken along the solution trajectories of (36) isNow, a second Lyapunov-Krasovskii function candidate is defined bywhere is a symmetric positive definite matrix. Clearly, the time derivative of along the solution of system (33) is given bySumming the two time derivatives of the Lyapunov functions and , that is, , yieldsAs a result, we obtain the overall sufficient condition for the stability of system (36) in the following form: which is equivalent towhere .
Therefore, ifthen, the fractional-order time-delay system (33) is asymptotically stable. The proof is completed.
Remark 9. By constructing a novel monochromatic Lyapunov function and using direct Lyapunov approach, a sufficient condition of stability for fractional-order time-delay systems is obtained. It is worth mentioning that the authors in [19] have also proposed a direct Lyapunov stable theorem for fractional-order time-delay system (33). However, as pointed out in [20], their proof is not correct.
Remark 10. Based on the proposed stability condition, we can easily analyze the stability of a fractional-order time-delay system and design a stabilization controller to stabilize a fractional system with delay by many approaches which have been used in integer-order systems.
To obtain the main result in this paper, we need the following lemmas.
Lemma 11 (Ho and Lu [21]). For a given matrix with rank , there exists a matrix such that holds for any if and only if can be decomposed as where is a unitary matrix, , and
Lemma 12 (Schur complement, Khargonekar et al. [22]). For a given symmetric matrix the following statements are equivalent: (1),(2),(3)
Based on the above lemmas, a stabilization result is established for the EID-based disturbance rejection control systems as follows.
Theorem 13. The fractional-order time-delay system (29) is asymptotically stable under control law (31), if there exist symmetric positive definite matrices , , , , , , , , and and appropriate matrices , , and such that the following LMI is feasible:whereMoreover, the gains of the state-feedback controller and the observer are given aswhere and are derived from (8).
Proof. Applying Lemma 11, we know that there exists a matrix , such thatholds. Substituting (8) into (50) yieldsIn terms of Lemma 12, (44) is equivalent toin which and are supposed to be and , respectively, where , , , and , , , , and are symmetric positive definite matrices to be determined.
LetPre- and postmultiplying (52) by the matrix and combining (51), LMI (47) is obtained. Then, letting and combining (51) yield (49). The proof is completed.
Using Theorem 13, the parameters of the controller can easily be solved. The design process of the EID-based controller is given as follows.
Algorithm 14.
Step 1. Choose and in the internal model (9) for a known reference input.
Step 2. Choose , , and for the low-pass filter (18) such that (19) holds.
Step 3. Find a feasible solution to LMI (47) and calculate , , , and from (49).
4. Numerical Example
This section presents a numerical example to demonstrate the validity of the proposed design method.
Assume that the parameters of plant (7) are
A unit step signal is introduced as the reference input at and the following external disturbanceis added to the plant at .
In terms of Algorithm 14, first, the parameters of the internal model (9) were selected asto track the reference input, . Since the reference input is a step signal, the parameters of the internal model should be . Here we chose for parameter instead of 0 in order to guarantee the feasibility of LMI (47). This is reasonable because it would only lead to a very small steady-state tracking error for the control system [15].
A low-pass filter is selected asto meet the condition in (19). So the parameters of the state-space form of the filter are
By Theorem 13 and using MATLAB toolbox, a feasible solution for LMI (47) is obtained as follows:
To simulate the fractional-order systems, an Oustaloup’s recursive poles/zeros filter [23] (an integer-order system) of order three is used to approximate the fractional operator , which has an error about dB in the frequency range rad/s to rad/s.
The system response without control input is shown in Figure 2, which shows that it is not convergent. However, under control law (31) with the parameters in (61), the system response is asymptotically stable and can track the reference input perfectly even in the presence of external disturbances (see the simulation result in Figure 3).
For comparison, we used the proposed method in [9] to carry out simulation. The simulation result is shown in Figure 4. It can be seen from Figures 3 and 4 that our method obtains a better disturbance rejection effect than the proposed method in [9] while these two methods exhibit the same control performance for the reference input.
5. Conclusion
This paper has presented an EID-based disturbance rejection method for fractional-order time-delay systems. The configuration with a modified state observer and a disturbance estimator was first constructed. Then, by introducing a continuous frequency distributed equivalent model and using direct Lyapunov approach, the sufficient condition for asymptotic stability of the closed-loop fractional-order time-delay system is presented. Based on this stability condition, the parameters of the controller for the closed-loop system can be easily obtained by many approaches which have been used in integer-order systems. Finally, the simulation results demonstrated that the proposed method can reject matched disturbance of fractional-order time-delay systems effectively without knowing any prior information about the disturbances.
Competing Interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.