Abstract
A novel effective detection method is proposed for electronic intelligence (ELINT) systems detecting polyphase codes radar signal in the low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) scenario. The core idea of the proposed method is first to calculate the time-frequency distribution of polyphase codes radar signals via Wigner-Ville distribution (WVD); then the modified Hough transform (HT) is employed to cumulate all the energy of WVD’s ridges effectively to achieve signal detection. Compared with the generalised Wigner Hough transform (GWHT) method, the proposed method has a superior performance in low SNR and is not sensitive to the code type. Simulation results verify the validity of the proposed method.
1. Introduction
Modern radar systems face a variety of threats in electronic support system, radar warning receivers, and electronic attack system. In order to survive, the low probability of interception (LPI) signals is employed by modern radar system. Those LPI signals are typically pulse compression continuous signals, which are difficult to intercept by the electronic intelligence (ELINT) systems. Polyphase codes radar signal (Frank, P1, P2, P3, and P4 codes), which derived from step frequency modulated signal and linear frequency modulated signal, is the most frequently used LPI signal because of its easy digital implementation, its versatility, and its high range resolution and Doppler tolerance [1–6]. In the past two decades, the detection of polyphase codes radar signals has attracted much attention [7–13]. The polyphase codes radar signals exhibit the characteristic of multiple ridges parallel in the time-frequency distribution. According to this characteristic, a variety of methods is proposed for detecting the polyphase codes radar signals. Gulum et al. analyzed the signal detection method using Wigner-Ville distribution-Radon transform [14]. In [15], the Radon-ambiguity transform was employed to detect polyphase codes radar signals. The fractional autocorrelation (FA) and fractional Fourier transform (FrFT) were considered to solve the problem of polyphase code signal detection in [16] and [17], respectively. Since all of these methods detect the polyphase codes radar signals using the energy of main ridge in time-frequency distribution, they have two drawbacks as follows: (i) signal detection cannot be achieved in the low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR); (ii) these methods have different performance to different code type, which is not suitable for the ELINT systems.
To make use of all the parallel ridges’ energy of polyphase codes radar signal in time-frequency distribution, this Letter derives modified Wigner Hough transform (MWHT), based on which a novel detection method is also proposed. The novel method overcomes the two drawbacks as above. Simulation experiments have been carried out to demonstrate the effectiveness of the novel method.
2. Proposed Method
The polyphase codes radar signals can be expressed aswhere is the amplitude, is the carrier frequency, is the signal length, and is the phase modulated function. Different phase modulated function represents the polyphase codes radar signal which has different code types. Among them, the Frank, P1, and P2 codes are derived from the step frequency modulated signal, while the P3 and P4 codes are derived from linear frequency modulated signal.
The discrete Wigner-Ville distribution (WVD) can be written aswhere is the instantaneous time autocorrelation and is the kernel function of the WVD. That is, the WVD can be considered as the Fourier transform of the instantaneous time autocorrelation.
The characteristic of multiple ridges parallel can be obtained by calculating the WVD of the polyphase codes radar signals. Among the multiple ridges, the main ridge occupies the biggest energy. Different code type signal has different energy distribution of ridges. The polyphase codes radar signal detection can be achieved by extracting the ridge in the WVD.
Hough transform (HT) is an effective tool to detect the ridge characteristic in the WVD. Discrete Wigner Hough transform (WHT) can be expressed aswhere is the kernel function of the WHT and and denote the frequency and the slope of the ridge in the WVD, respectively. Corresponding to a ridge in WVD, a peak will be revealed in the WHT of polyphase codes radar signal.
Since the characteristic of polyphase codes radar signals in WVD is multiple ridges parallel, the WHT of polyphase codes radar signals has multipeaks, which would result in signal energy dispersion. The energy dispersion is the essential reason of two drawbacks in Section 1. Figure 1 displays the generalised Wigner Hough transform (GWHT) Frank codes radar signals. The GWHT of noiseless polyphase codes radar signals is displayed in Figure 1(a) and reveals several prominent peaks, yet the prominent peak disappears in Figure 1(b) which is a noisy version signal with SNR = −6 dB. In order to sufficiently utilize the multiple ridges parallel characteristic in WVD, a novel kernel function which can be used for accumulating all ridges in WVD was proposed as follows.
(a) The GWHT of noiseless Frank code
(b) The GWHT of noisy version Frank code
(c) The GWHT of noiseless P1 code
(d) The GWHT of noisy version P1 code
(e) The GWHT of noiseless P2 code
(f) The GWHT of noisy version P2 code
(g) The GWHT of noiseless P3 code
(h) The GWHT of noisy version P3 code
(i) The GWHT of noiseless P3 code
(j) The GWHT of noisy version P3 code
The complexity of the polyphase codes radar signals prevents an analytical expression of the polyphase codes radar signals’ WVD. Nevertheless, based on the characteristic of polyphase codes radar signals in WVD, the expression of WVD and instantaneous time autocorrelation can be constructed as follows:where is the distance between the ridges in WVD, is the slope of the ridges in WVD, and denotes the energy of th ridge. Although (5) is not the exact expression of polyphase codes radar signals’ WVD, there will be no influence on the subsequent processing result. The signal energy and the ridge energy have the relationship .
The novel kernel function of the WHT is defined asThus the MWHT of polyphase code radar signals isand is maximized only when evaluated at and , which results in
Equation (8) indicates that the detection performance of MWHT is only loss 3 dB compared with the matched filter (MF). Figure 2 is the MWHT of Frank code radar signal in different SNR, respectively. The noiseless version and the noisy version signal with SNR = −6 dB both reveal prominent peak which can be used to achieve polyphase codes radar signals detection. The other type polyphase codes radar signals have similar detection performance to the Frank code.
(a) The MWHT of noiseless Frank code
(b) The MWHT of noisy version Frank code
3. Simulation Results
To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed method, we applied it to the simulated polyphase codes radar signals. Simulation parameters are as follows. The carrier frequency is MHz, the sampling rate is MHz, and the code rate is μs. We ran the simulations 1000 times for each SNR. The detection performance of GWHT, MWHT, and power averaging method (PA) is shown using a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) plotted in Figure 3. The probability of detecting the five type polyphase codes radar signals using MWHT is compared with the same metric using the GWHT and the PA as probability of false alarm is 10−2.
The detection performance of the GWHT is different for the signal which has different code type, because different code type has different main ridge line energy in the WVD plane. The main ridge energy ratio relationship between the polyphase code signal and the LFM signal with identical signal energy is given by a large number simulation. Table 1 shows the ratio relationship. These results show that the main ridge energy value for P1, P2, and P4 code reduces by about 25% relative to the LFM. Then, the main ridge energy values for the Frank and P3 code are over 50% smaller than the LFM. Among the detection performances of the GWHT method in Figure 3, the P4 code signal had the best detection performance; the following was P1 and P2 code. The detection performance of Frank and P3 code was the worst. The rank relationship of detection performance was consistent with the main ridge energy ratio relationship in Table 1. To make the figure clear enough, the detection performance of the MWHT and the PA method was plotted in average curve since they are almost identical. Simulation results show that the detection performance of PA method is inferior to the WHT based method and the detection performance of MWHT is superior to the GWHT method.
4. Conclusion
A novel effective method for polyphase codes radar signals detection is proposed in this Letter. Based on the characteristic of polyphase codes radar signal in WVD, a novel kernel function of the WHT is defined and applied for accumulating all the energy of ridges. Simulation results show that the proposed method can achieve polyphase codes radar signal detection in the low SNR scenario and is not sensitive to the code type, which is needful for ELINT system. In addition, discussion within this Letter is also suitable for other polyphase codes radar signals detection methods based on the time-frequency distribution.
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
Acknowledgment
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant no. 41476089).