Computational Modelling of Fracture Propagation in Rocks Using a Coupled Elastic-Plasticity-Damage Model

Figure 7

Various crack types initiated from the preexisting flaw of Carrara marble specimen as observed in experiments by Wong and Einstein [28]. T is tensile crack opening and S is shear displacement.

(a) Type 1 tensile crack (tensile wing crack)

(b) Type 2 tensile crack

(c) Type 3 tensile crack

(d) Mixed tensile shear crack

(e) Type 1 shear crack

(f) Type 2 shear crack

(g) Type 3 shear crack