Abstract
This study presents and investigates a six-DOF (degrees of freedom) piezoelectric based stage for positioning error compensation. The relationship between the displacement of the piezoelectric actuators and the stage can be computed according to the geometric relationships of the actuators installed. In this study, a feedforward compensator based on the hysteresis model has been designed for compensation and a PI controller was used for positioning. The combination of a feedforward compensator and PI controller gives the stage good positioning and tracking performance. Stage position information is feedback from a six-DOF optical measurement system comprised of three modular two-dimensional measurement devices. Each module employs a quadrant photodiode (QPD), a laser diode, and a lens. The measurement signal is acquired and processed using an FPGA based processor for real time control. The linear and angular positioning resolution is 0.02 μm and 0.1 arcsec, respectively. When the stage is controlled in a closed loop, the positioning errors are in the range of μm and arcsec. The stage is controlled to track a sinusoidal wave with an amplitude of 2.5 μm and a frequency of 5 Hz; tracking errors were within μm and arcsec.
1. Introduction
The recent developments in nanotechnology have resulted in increased use of piezoelectric stages which are now universally used for ultrahigh precision positioning or compensation at the nanolevel because piezoelectric actuators have high resolution and sensitivity. For example, Lee and Kim designed an ultrahigh precision wafer alignment stage [1] which is a combination of a long stroke stage and an ultrahigh precision compensation stage. The long stroke stage is driven by linear motors and the other by piezoelectric actuators. This kind of stage is commonly used for the production of touch panels and semiconductors. A piezoelectric based stage (PZT stage) usually includes piezoelectric actuators and flexure hinges. There are two types of flexure hinge in common use, the circular notch and the spherical notch types. In addition to this, Jywe et al. developed an arc flexible body and this was integrated with a spherical notch flexure hinge to make a five-DOF PZT stage [2]. Flexure hinges can be applied to displacement/force transmission, reduction, and enlargement. For instance, Shiou et al. presented a nanostage that can increase the displacement of a piezoelectric actuator [3], and the stage position data is feedback by capacitance probes. The positioning, steady state, and tracking errors of this stage are in the range of ±2 nm and ±100 nm, respectively. Kim et al. proposed a one-dimensional PZT stage to increase displacement to a few millimeters [4]. Unlike the former, Guo et al. developed a piezoelectric based movement module that reduces the displacement of the stage but increases positioning resolution [5]. Although flexure hinges can be designed to increase the displacement of a stage, it causes positioning performance becoming low as well as they are difficult to design. However, since the moving stroke of an ultrahigh precision production machine is usually less than twenty micrometers, a flexure hinge to increase displacement is unnecessary. Note that some commonly used measuring devices have been described in Fleming’s study [6].
Several kinds of multi-DOF stage have been proposed. For instance, Polit and Dong developed a two-dimensional PZT stage, which is of compact size, light in weight, and controlled by a feedback controller. Stage position was measured by capacitance probes [7]. Shimizu et al. developed a two-dimensional PZT stage where stage position was measured by a laser interferometer; resolution of the stage could be 10 nm [8]. Kim and Gweon presented a compact dimension nanostage [9]. Displacement of the stage was measured by capacitance probes installed inside the stage. Linear and angular positioning resolution of the stage were 5 nm and 0.025 arcsec, respectively. A six-DOF PZT stage, such as that developed by Fesperman et al., is generally built up in stacked configuration [10]. In the Fesperman device, the -axis, -axis, and movement are driven by linear motors and the -tilt movement uses piezoelectric actuators. A stacked six-DOF stage is easy to control, and displacement is easy to measure, as compared to the six-DOF parallel mechanism by Brouwer et al [11]. In general, the actuators of a -tilt stage are usually installed vertically [12]. However, Lee et al. developed a -tilt stage with the actuators installed horizontally [13]. This kind of stage can be very small and flat but is difficult to design.
The two main problems that influence the performance of piezoelectric actuators are hysteresis and creep. Creep is a static problem that can be easily controlled by feedback, but hysteresis needs to be handled by feedforward compensation. Many different proposals for the compensation of hysteresis have been proposed, for instance, Mayergoyz, Leang, and Devasia used a feedforward compensator based on the Preisach Model [14, 15]. After compensation the tracking error can be smaller than 0.08 μm during a 10 Hz sinusoidal wave [16]; Lin and Chen used a parallel dual feedforward compensator [17], and the tracking error was smaller than 30 nm; other investigators also studied the problem [15, 18–22]. In addition to the Preisach Model, many other approaches were made to the problem of hysteresis compensation: the approximated polynomial model [23], the Bouc-Wen [24], the Duhem [25], the generic differential model [26], the Kim [27], and the Maxwell slip model [28] were all used. Some researchers used the observer [29, 30] and the sliding mode controller [31, 32] to reduce the hysteresis effect. A multi-DOF stage needs a multi-DOF measurement system to measure/monitor the positional values. There are many types of multi-DOF measurement system that have been proposed [33–36]. Though these systems can measure multi-DOF positional value, they are difficult to construct for a flat type of multi-DOF stage and are not easier for analysis.
2. System Construction
2.1. The Six-DOF Compensating Stage
As shown in Figure 1, the proposed six-DOF compensation stage consists of four parts: a base platform, three PZT stages (the -axis, -axis, and -tilt), three modular two-dimensional measurement devices, and a work platform. The -axis PZT stage is installed on the base platform as seen in Figure 2(a), and the -axis PZT stage is placed on the -axis PZT stage as seen in Figure 2(b). The -tilt PZT stage is installed on the -axis stage and work platform placed on the -tilt stage as seen in Figure 2(c). The number and installed position of the piezoelectric actuators is shown in Figure 3. The six-DOF movement is described as follows: the -axis movement uses and ; the -axis movement uses and ; Yaw movement (i.e., motion) uses , , , and ; -tilt movement uses , , and .
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2.2. The Two-Dimensional Measurement Module
The two-dimensional measurement module comprises a laser diode fixed to the base platform, a lens linked with the work platform, and a quadrant photodiode (QPD) fixed to the base platform, as seen in Figure 4. Note that the lens and base platform have no connection. The measurement method is illustrated in Figure 5. When the stage moves with a displacement of , the displacement of the light spot projected onto the QPD, denoted by , can be measured. Let be the focal length of the lens, and the output signal of QPD of - and -axis is and , respectively, in volts. Displacements of the - and -axis of the spot measured from the QPD denoted and , respectively, can be calculated by using the following equation: where and represent the voltage-displacement conversion constant. This study employed three sets of the two-dimensional measurement modules, as seen in Figure 6, to measure the six-DOF displacements of the compensation stage including three linear displacements denoted as , , and and three angular displacements denoted as , , and . Thus, displacement of the stage can be determined using the following equation: where and represent the - and -axis displacement of the th two-dimensional measurement module, respectively; is the distance between th two-dimensional measurement module and the center of the stage.
3. Control of the Stage
3.1. Stage Modeling
Because the -axis and yaw movement of the compensating stage are operated by the -axis stage, the stage is analyzed first from the -axis PZT stage. As can be seen in Figure 7(a), the coordinate systems are defined as follows: represents the origin of the stage, which is the reference position of the stage kinematic model; represents the center of the six-DOF compensation stage; and represent the initial position of and PZT stages, respectively; and represent the desired position of and PZT stages, respectively, when the six-DOF compensating stage is at the required position. Assuming the -axis linear displacement of the compensating stage is (i.e., vector of the stage moved from to ), the distance between the and represents , and displacement of is (). Thus, the -direction kinematic model is Because , (3) can be simplified: Similarly, the -axis kinematic model is Please note that the - and -axes of the PZT stage both contribute yaw motion, and we use and to denote the yaw motion contributed by the - and -axis PZT stages, respectively. The -axis PZT stage and the -axis PZT stage form a four-bar mechanism as shown in Figure 8. Hence, when the stage is rotated by , (6) and (5) should be corrected, as follows: From (7), because , (7) is completely equal to (5). Similarly, since and are both smaller than one degree and the maximum displacement of -direction is smaller than twenty micrometers (i.e., and ), (8) is completely equal to (5). Suffice it to say that this kind of construct between the - and -axis PZT stages does not cause a position coupling problem.
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The kinematic equation for -tilt motion can be derived according to Figure 7(b). In the plot, coordinate systems represent the initial position of and = 1, 2, and 3. Similarly, is the position of after the compensation stage is at the required position, and the vector represents the install position of . The displacement vector of th PZT can be determined by where represents the required position of the compensating stage. Since and , (10) can be simplified as Substituting (11) into (9) gives From (7), (8), and (12), the linearized kinematic equation for the stage is where is the displacement of the PZT of (). To define the equation above
3.2. Stage Control
In this study, the compensation stage is controlled by the PI controller combined with the feedforward compensator as shown in Figure 9. The gain denoted by K1 is used for displacement-voltage conversion for PZT, and K2 is the gain of the feedforward compensator. Here, the hysteresis model for the feedforward compensator is based on the generic differential model [26]. The parameters of each PZT are listed in Table 1. The trajectory of PZT1 before and after compensation is shown in Figure 10(a). The voltage-displacement conversion constant can be found by line fitting from the trajectory after hysteresis compensation. Figure 10(b) shows the residual error is in the range of ±40 nm after hysteresis compensation.
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4. Experimental Results
The signal processing flow chart for the six-DOF compensation stage is shown in Figure 11, in which all the signals were processed using an FPGA based processor (NI PCIe 7842R). Before the experiment, the three-DOF measurement system was calibrated by comparison with laser interferometer readings to guarantee the measured positional value. Calibration results are shown in Figure 12.
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4.1. Test for Stability and Resolution
Because the compensation stage is driven by piezoelectric actuators and position is feedback from the six-DOF measurement system, creep and thermal drift might affect positional value stability; system stability should be evaluated by the system stability test which also evaluates system noise. The stability test results (Figure 13) show linear stability is about ±20 nm and angular stability is about ±0.05 arcsec (for ) and ±0.1 arcsec (for and ). In general, the positioning resolution of a compensation stage can be tested using a stepwise signal and positioning resolution is usually affected by the noise in the measurement system. Thus, the displacement of each step is set according to the noise of the measurement system. The stepwise test results are shown in Figure 14.
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4.2. Single-Axis Movement Verification
This experiment provides verification of the kinematic equations (13). The stage is controlled in a closed loop and moved one axis at a time and this was repeated three times for each axis. Displacement of the stage was measured using the six-DOF measurement system. Experimental results are shown in Figure 15 and show a positioning accuracy of under 0.1 μm and 0.5 arcsec. This is almost equal to the residual error of the six-DOF measurement system.
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4.3. Tracking Test
In this experiment, the stage was operated under closed loop control with feedforward compensation. Single axis tracking allowed the dynamic characteristic of the stage to be observed. Two input signals were tracked, 1 Hz and 5 Hz sine waves, both with amplitudes of 2.5 μm and 5 arcsec for the linear and angular axes, respectively. The results of this single axis tracking experiment are shown in Figures 16 and 17.
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Because the orthogonality of a stacked stage is not very good it needs to be evaluated. In general this can be done by circular testing as described in ISO 230-4. The next test that had to be performed was that of dual-axis tracking. For this a circular test was run on three different planes, the , , and . The tracking signal used was a 1 Hz sine wave with amplitude of 2.5 μm. The results are shown in Figures 18(a) to 18(c), where it can be seen that (1) the larger roundness error is inclined at −45 degrees in the plane; (2) the larger roundness error is inclined at 45 degrees in the plane; (3) the larger round error is inclined at about zero degrees in the plane.
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5. Conclusions
A flat six-DOF compensation stage controlled in closed loop has been proposed in this study. The feedback positional values are provided by a six-DOF optical measurement system comprised of three two-dimensional measurement modules. To reduce the effect of hysteresis, this study proposes a feedforward compensator based on a generic differential model in which hysteresis can be reduced by about 97%. Although the - and - axes of the stage were linked as a four-bar mechanism, there was no displacement coupling problem. Positioning accuracy of the linear and angular movements is about ±0.05 μm and ±0.5 arcsec, respectively. From Figures 18(a) and 18(b), it can be seen that the -axis is not exactly orthogonal with the - and -axes, or movement of -axis is not synchronized with that of the - and -axes. The displacement proportional difference between the - and -axes is shown in Figure 18(c).
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
Acknowledgment
The work was supported by Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan (MOST 102-2218-E-005-014, MOST 102-2218-E-005-012, and NSC.100-2221-E-005-091-MY3).