Abstract
The reliability and economic value of wind and solar power generation system with energy storage are decided by the balance of capacity distribution. The improved capacity balance matching method is proposed in this paper, which not only utilizes the complementary characteristics of the wind and solar power generation system sufficiently but also reduces the charge and discharge times of the battery. Therefore, the generation reliability is improved and the working lifetime of the whole system is lengthened. Consequently, the investment of the battery energy storage is reduced as well as the whole cost is decreased. The experimental result was presented to verify the effectiveness of the improved optimal capacity ratio design method.
1. Introduction
Separate photovoltaic or wind power generation can achieve a major output fluctuation due to random and intermittent wind/solar resources and needs prodigious battery volume to satisfy load. Actually, the photovoltaic and wind power generation have commendable complementary characteristics in time distribution. The solar energy is adequate and the wind is weak in daytime, while the solar is weak and the wind is strengthened due to the earth’s surface difference in temperature at night. In summer, the solar is strong but wind is weak, while the wind is strong but the solar is weak in winter. Taking full advantage of the complementary characteristics of wind and solar can achieve a high power supply reliably, while it can reduce the total cost of the system in the meantime [1].
There are many optimal design methods target-based for stand-alone WSB hybrid power system. The restraint conditions mainly include power supply reliability, total cost of system, and environmental protection. Actually, the traditional optimal design method considers less restraint conditions which include current, frequency, rate in charge/discharge cycles of the battery, and system backup capacity. Moreover, the complementary characteristics of wind and solar resources are not considered a restraint condition [2–8]. Therefore, this paper proposed an improved optimal design method for stand-alone wind-solar-battery hybrid power system. First, the paper formulated WSB/HPS optimal sizing principle. Then, an optimal sizing mode was established and an optimal ratio strategy was proposed. Finally, an average power of 100 kW system for an example is taken to simulate and verify the improved optimal design method for stand-alone wind-solar-battery hybrid power system.
2. Preliminaries
2.1. Structure and Working Principle of Wind Turbine
Wind turbines consist of wind turbine and generator [9]. In the small wind generator, wind power working process is shown in Figure 1. The kinetic energy of airflow on the wind wheel is converted to mechanical energy by the aerodynamic rife wheel rotation which promotes the wind wheel spin. Since small wind turbine power agencies do not consume energy usually, therefore, the wind turbine generators are driven directly. Eventually, the derived mechanical energy is transformed into electrical energy to supply for the load.
Wind energy is the kinetic energy of the air and therefore is determined by the wind speed and air density, which is given by the following equation:where is the kinetic energy of air, is the quality of the object, and is the movement speed of the object.
Obviously, the above equation can be written aswhere is the air density and is the wind swept area.
Since all the energy of air almost is composed of the kinetic energy, therefore, the above equation is expressed by the power form:
In fact, all of the wind turbines are not able to convert wind energy into mechanical energy, so the actual power of the wind wheel iswhere is wind energy utilization factor, whose theoretical maximum is 0.593. That is, the maximum power obtained can be 59.3% of the wind energy of the swept area range.
As is well known, wind power requires AC to DC rectifier section. In the rectification process, the full bridge rectifier technology of uncontrollable diode is employed in small power generation systems. Since the performance characteristics of a large loss are not obvious, its low cost is considered in this paper without affecting the power generation efficiency.
Figure 2 is a waveform diagram of the output voltage of the rectifier front of wind turbines. It will output stable DC voltage after the full-bridge rectifier filters.
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2.2. The Working Principle and Characteristics of Solar Modules
First, the power generation principle and equivalent circuit components of solar modules are introduced.
The physical mechanism of the solar module is very similar to the classic PN junction diode. The solar module can use the photovoltaic effect to convert solar energy into electrical energy, and its power generation principle is shown in Figure 3. When solar module receives solar radiation, PN junction carriers will generate an electromotive force gradient that is accelerated in electric field. Once there is a load access, the circuit will occur. The unabsorbed photons will cause the battery temperature and thus emit into the environment.
Under standard illumination conditions, the rated output voltage is 0.48 V. So multiple solar cells need to be connected together to obtain a higher output voltage and a large power capacity. Figure 3 is an equivalent circuit of solar modules.
When the lighting conditions are unchanged, photocurrent is a constant. It can be considered a constant current source. Output current is equal to the photocurrent minus the diode current and the leakage current is derived. The series resistance of the current source resistance is determined by the PN junction depth, contact resistance, and impurity.
The diode current is given by the classical diode current expression:where C is the electronic charge, J/K is Boltzmann’s constant, is the reverse saturation current of diode, is the ideality factor of PN junction, and is the absolute temperature.
Therefore, the output-side current is
In the actual solar cells, the leakage current is very small and is therefore usually negligible.
In the following, the operating characteristics of solar modules are introduced.
Based on the above derivation of the mathematical model of solar modules, the photovoltaic cells model is set up using the Matlab Simulink modeling modules as shown in Figure 4.
According to the simulation model, the solar cell output characteristic curve is plotted where the light intensity is different (the outside temperature is 25°C), as is shown in Figure 5. It can be seen from the figure that the output power of solar modules with an output voltage and current is nonlinear and there is a unique point of maximum power output. Our system is designed to track the position of the maximum power point of the solar module to keep the maximum output power, whose aim is to increase the utilization of solar energy.
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For the establishment of a stable and balanced voltage to achieve full time power supply system, the energy storage units must be included in the configuration around wind turbine, solar modules, and load. That is, they attend to store power of wind turbines and solar modules and supply stable power to the load. In practical engineering, as the most economical and convenient storage methods, lead-acid batteries are widely used in small and medium sized wind and solar power generation system. Hybrid energy storage system structure is shown in Figure 6. In wind and solar power generation system, the controller is switched on and off to control the super capacitors and batteries charge and discharge strategy, to maximize the advantages of the above two storage forms, and to improve the stability and performance of the power storage unit in the system.
3. Capacity Optimization Ratio Principles for WSB/HPS System
In the considered WSB/HPS system, the photovoltaic power generation, wind power generation, and battery assemble are placed on DC bus. The structure of the stand-alone WSB/HPS is proposed in Figure 6.
When the efficiency of wind power and photovoltaic output is low, the batteries are in the course of discharging. Then, the system power relationship is given as where and are photovoltaic and wind power generation unit output, respectively, is battery discharging power, and is load power. If the system could not satisfy load power supply, a part of load must be switched off or backup power source must be launched. When photovoltaic and wind power are sufficient for load, the batteries are charged by redundant power. So the power relation is given by If the battery is fully charged, there is excess power and then the solar and wind power quit MPPT operation. It can be seen from (7) and (8) that the considered WSB/HPS system can make the best complementary characteristics by optimizing wind/PV capacity ratio and reduce the capacity and depth of discharge and charge/discharge cycles of the battery. In summary, the optimization target of WSB/HPS includes a high power supply reliability and minimum cost by taking full advantage of complementary characteristics of wind and solar.
4. Capacity Optimization Ratio Model
The reliability loss of power supply probability (LPSP) signifies the reliability level of power supply, which is defined as where , , , and are PV, wind, battery, and load power at “” time, respectively. is the number of sampling interval points. Obviously, the less the , the higher the power supply reliability [4]. The summation of photovoltaic and wind generation output power is relative to load power fluctuation. signifies the complementary characteristics of solar and wind generation, which is defined as where is the average load power. Obviously, the is less when the curve of the complementary characteristics of solar and wind generation is nearer to load power curve. Meantime, the capacity and depth of discharge and charge/discharge cycles of battery are reduced [5]. Therefore, the complementary characteristics of solar/wind generation are better. Initial investment cost of distributed generator (DG) is presented as where , , and are photovoltaic panel unit-price, wind turbine unit-price, and battery unit-price, respectively. , , and are the number of photovoltaic panels, the number of wind turbines, and the number of batteries, respectively. is depreciation coefficient, which is defined as where “” is the depreciation rate; is the project life time. Then, the operation and maintenance costs of the considered WSB/HPS system are presented as where , , and are PV power, wind power, battery charge and discharge operation, and maintenance costs under unit time, respectively. , , and are the running time of photovoltaic cells, wind generation unit, and battery unit, respectively. The replacement cost of unit DG and the total cost of WSB-HPS system are given by where , , and are the number of photovoltaic panels, wind turbines, and batteries, respectively.
The following constraint conditions are considered in this paper.
4.1. DG Unit Quantity Constraint
DG unit installation ground area is regarded as maximum installed capacity constraint. In general, the distance between two adjacent wind generators is 6–10 times of diameter length in the prevailing wind direction. Being perpendicular to the prevailing wind direction, the distance is 3–5 times of diameter length. Meanwhile, the line distance is 8 times of diameter length and column distance is 4 times of diameter length. Therefore, the quantity of wind generators should satisfy (15) and the quantity of installation PV and battery should satisfy (16) and (17):where and are PV and battery area, respectively, and is shading coefficient.
4.2. DG Unit Minimum Power Constraint
Considering that the photovoltaic generation power output is zero at night, wind generation provides power supply for load. So wind generation should provide average load power at least. In the same way, if wind source is insufficient at daytime, photovoltaic generation should also provide average load power at least. If both the light and wind sources are insufficient, battery must provide load power. Then, an assumption is given below. The battery should ensure that the number of load sustaining running days is . Therefore, the minimum quantity of wind, PV, and battery unit installation must satisfy the following equation:where is daily average load power and and are each wind generator and each photovoltaic output power, respectively. is daily load capacity (kW·h). and are capacity and voltage of unit battery, respectively. is maximum depth of discharge. is battery discharge ratio.
4.3. System Backup Capacity Constraint
Taking the increasing load or faulty units in the system into account, it is necessary that there is enough backup capacity in this system. Consequently, the overall maximum output power of DG units must ensure that there is incremental % of load supply power. That is, the following inequality should be satisfied: where denotes photovoltaic wind and/or battery unit.
4.4. Battery Charge/Discharge Constraint
This paper established the mathematical representation of battery based on a class of dynamic charge/discharge models named KiBaM model. This model can forecast battery capacity and port real-time voltage. Taking battery lifetime into consideration, the charge/discharge course of battery could be strictly restricted. The state of charge should satisfy (20). The charge ratio and discharge ratio should satisfy (21), where and are setpoints. The charge/discharge currents of batteries and cannot exceed their corresponding maximum values and ; that is, (22) should be satisfied. The charge/discharge power of battery ( and ) should satisfy (23), where the value of and can be achieved based on KiBaM model:
4.5. Battery Charge/Discharge Frequency Constraint
As it is well known, the charge/discharge frequency influences battery’s lifetime prodigiously. Therefore, the charge/discharge times and depth of discharge should be limited. The constraint of discharge depth is determined by (20). In a scheduling period, the times of battery charge and discharge cycle should not exceed the limit value . The value of is integratally decided by the load prediction, the importance of the load, and the battery life and role in the running system. That is, (24) should be satisfied. Since the scheduling period, , may be different, it is difficult to quantify the number of charge and discharge cycles of battery. This paper utilizes the equivalent number of charge/discharge cycles and life curve of battery to calculate the value of ,
4.6. Power Supply Reliability Constraints
As mentioned above, the reliability loss of power supply probability (LPSP) signifies power supply reliability. Typically, the load power shortage should be in an acceptable range; that is, is permissible in the following inequality:
4.7. Complementary Characteristics of Photovoltaic and Wind Power Generator Constraints
To make full use of wind and solar characteristics of the system, the index must be less than the reference value ,
5. Independent Runtime Optimization Strategy for WSB/HPS System
The total minimum cost of the considered WSB/HPS is chosen as optimization objective function in this paper. The relevant expression is presented in (27). The corresponding constraint conditions are given by (15)–(26),
According to the maximum of DG unit capacity constraints (15)–(17) and the minimum of DG unit power constraint (18), the ranges of , , and can be determined. Then, considering the system backup capacity constraint (15), the various possible capacity ratios of wind/photovoltaic/battery can be determined. According to wind/photovoltaic/battery output models (12), (13), and (15) and the battery charge and discharge constraints (20)–(24), the output power of wind power, photovoltaic, and battery can be calculated. Consequently, the values of and could be figured out. An improved optimization scheme of wind/solar/battery capacity ratio is proposed under the reliability constraint (25) and the complementary characteristics constraint (26). A program flow diagram of the optimal configuration is proposed as shown in Figure 7.
6. Example Analysis
6.1. The Example and Calculations
In order to verify that the proposed WSB-HPS capacity ratio optimization design method is reasonable and predominant, this paper presents an example to illustrate how to design an optimal capacity ratio for WSB/HPS system. The simulation software HOMER is employed in this paper [6, 7].
The relevant parameters are assumed below. The average power is 100 kW. The peak power is 315 kW. The load rate is 33%. The maximum load utilization hours are 2976 h. The day variation range is ±10% of the load as WSB-HPS related to the local load. Figure 8 shows the wind speed and the annual light curves which are obtained based on monthly average weather data after discretizing operation. After calculating the annual declination angle of the sun every day, the elevation angle and azimuth of the sun every hour, the corresponding discretizing illumination, and the annual hourly photovoltaic panel radiation are mainly acquired based on empirical formula. The annual discretized meteorological data reflect the basic characteristics of the weather in this example. Taking 100 kW as the average power of the load, we choose wind turbines of 35 kW rated power. Taking the PV array port voltage and power levels of the system into account, we choose a kind with single maximum power of 200 W and corresponding voltage of 24.5 V. When the WSB/HPS system is running, the process of battery charge and discharge is frequent, and therefore, the deep cycle VRLA batteries with monomer capacity of 600 Ah are chosen.
The traditional optimization program can be implemented independently using the HOMER software. The proposed improved optimization program in this paper can realize the calculation of and by HOMER software. Consequently, the optimal wind/photovoltaic/battery capacity ratio can be exported to meet all abovementioned constraints. It should be pointed out that the calculation procedure assumes that wind turbines and photovoltaic units are running in MPPT state.
6.2. Optimization Configuration Results for WSB-HPS System
Table 1 shows the comparison of configuration results between the traditional and improved optimization schemes. Figure 9 shows the output power curves of wind power generation and photovoltaic generation. The fluctuation of output power is reduced because a restraint condition that takes full advantage of the complementary characteristics of wind and solar is added. Consequently, fewer batteries are needed in the system, which can ensure power supply reliability and reduce the depth of discharge and charge/discharge cycles to extend lifetime. The cost of whole system slightly rises in that the price of photovoltaic cell panel is higher.
7. Conclusions
An improved optimal capacity ratio design method based on complementary characteristics of wind and solar is proposed in this paper. Under the precondition that the reliability of system is guaranteed, the total minimum cost of the WSB/HPS system is achieved by taking full advantage of wind and solar complementary characteristics. Since all the constraints in the energy conversion process of system are almost proposed in the optimization model, such as the current, depth, and times constraints of battery charge and discharge, the quantity constraint of DG units, and so forth, the yielding optimal results are more accurate and reasonable.
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
Acknowledgment
This work is supported by National Nature Science Foundation of China under Grants 61372195, 61371200, and 61304069.