Artesunate Exerts a Direct Effect on Endothelial Cell Activation and NF-B Translocation in a Mechanism Independent of Plasmodium Killing
Figure 4
ICAM-1 expression and cytoadhesion of pRBC in the t.End.1 vascular endothelial cell line. (a) ICAM-1 expression was evaluated in t.End.1 vascular endothelial cells pretreated with artesunate (300 ng/mL) and stimulated with RBCs or pRBCs. (b) Endothelial cells were pretreated with IgG or anti-mouse ICAM-1 (20 μg/mL) and incubated with pRBCs. The adhesion of pRBC was calculated by the adhesion index or by fluorescence (insert) as described in the Material and Methods. (c–d) Endothelial cells were pretreated or not with artesunate (300 ng/mL), followed by incubation with RBCs (c) or pRBCs (d) for 1 h. The results are expressed as the mean ± SEM from three different experiments. Statistically significant differences () between the RBC and pRBC groups are indicated by +, significant differences between pRBCs and pRBCs cultured with t.End.1 pretreated with artesunate are indicated by *, and significant differences between RBCs and RBCs cultured with t.End.1 pretreated with artesunate are indicated by #.
