Sociodemographic Determinants of Malaria among Under-Five Children in Ghana

Table 2

Complementary log-log regression model on sociodemographic determinants of malaria.

Variables	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4
Mother’s level of education
No education (ref.)	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Primary	1.197	1.203	1.212	1.279
Secondary	1.092	1.114	1.081	1.152
Higher	0.907	1.147	1.116	1.293
Religious affiliation
Christian (ref.)	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Muslim	1.241	1.263	1.227	1.341
Traditionalist/spiritualist	1.060	1.070	1.043	1.080
Ethnicity
Akan (ref.)	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Ga-Dangme	0.717	0.737	1.028	1.037
Ewe	0.654^*	0.652^*	0.773	0.782
Mole-Dagbani	1.075	1.091	1.100	1.163
Others	1.044	1.076	1.096	1.114
Mother’s marital status
Never married (ref.)	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Married	1.480^*	1.431	1.453	1.429
Wealth status
Poor (ref.)		1.00	1.00	1.00
Middle		1.126	1.161	1.240
Rich		0.672	0.827	0.914
Region of residence
Western (ref.)			1.00	1.00
Central			2.865^***	3.129^***
Greater Accra			1.338	1.451
Volta			2.049^*	2.218^*
Eastern			1.639	1.712
Ashanti			2.529^***	2.992^***
Brong Ahafo			2.922^***	2.992^***
Northern			2.371^**	2.412^**
Upper East			2.262^**	2.325^**
Upper West			1.993^*	2.080^*
Type of place of residence
Urban (ref.)			1.00	1.00
Rural			1.015	1.115
Age of mother
15–19 (ref.)				1.00
20–29				0.929
30–39				0.976
40–49				0.993
Age of child
>12 (ref.)				1.00
12–23				2.514^***
24–35				2.958^***
36–47				3.627^**
48–59				3.480^*
Sex of child
Male (ref.)				1.00
Female				0.915
Ownership of mosquito net
No (ref.)				1.00
Yes				0.694^*

Source: computed from GDHS, 2008; ref.: reference category; ^*, ^**, and ^***.