Multiple Sclerosis International

Review Article

Cerebrospinal Fluid and Blood Biomarkers of Neuroaxonal Damage in Multiple Sclerosis

Table 2

Biomarkers of neuroaxonal damage in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and/or clinically isolated syndrome suggestive of MS (CIS) in relation to clinical parameters.
BiomarkerCorrelation with disability*Correlation with disease activity*Prediction of CIS conversion to CDMS*Prediction of future disease course*Prediction of future disability*Prediction of treatment response*
NF-L4 (308) +
2 (117) −		4 (339) +1 (38) +1 (95) +3 (308) +—
Anti-NF-L3 (180) +
2 (181) −		—————
Anti-NF-M1 (47) +
1 (49) −		—————
NF-H5 (256) +
2 (81) −		3 (254) +
1 (30) −		1 (52) +1 (34) +3 (86) +1 (30)** +
1 (32) +
Anti-NF-H1 (67) +
1 (51) −		—————
Tubulin1 (35) +—————
Antitubulin1 (67) +
2 (81) −		—————
Actin1 (35) +—————
Tau1 (90) +
4 (218 ) −		3 (179) +
1 (90) −		1 (52)** +
1 (53) −		1 (32) +1 (32) +
1 (53) −		—
Amyloid β421 (21) −1(21) +————
BACE1————1 (100) −—
NAA2 (160) +—————
Apo-E——————
NSE1 (64) +
2 (87) −		—————
GAP-431 (49)** +—————
24S-OH-chol1 (118) +2 (206) +————
14-3-32 (82) +1 (38) +2 (123) +—2 (101) +—
*Number of positive (+) or negative (−) studies with total number of patients included (in brackets); **a tendency; CDMS: clinically definite MS; NF-L: neurofilament-light chain; Anti-NF-L: antibodies to NF-L; Anti-NF-M: antibodies to neurofilament-intermediate chain; NF-H: neurofilament-heavy chain; Anti-NF-H: antibodies to NF-H; BACE1: β-site amyloid precursor protein-cleaving enzyme 1; NAA: N-acetylaspartate; Apo-E: apolipoprotein-E; NSE: neuron-specific enolase; GAP-43: growth-associated protein 43; 24S-OH-chol: 24S-hydroxycholesterol.