Multiple Sclerosis International / 2011 / Article / Tab 4 / Review Article
Cerebrospinal Fluid and Blood Biomarkers of Neuroaxonal Damage in Multiple Sclerosis Table 4 Cytoplasmic, non-neurofilament biomarkers of neuroaxonal damage in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and/or clinically isolated syndrome suggestive of MS (CIS).
Biomarker Body fluid Immunoassay Number of patients Main findings REF Tubulin CSF Dot-blot 35 MS (RR/SP/PP) MS ↑↑ OIND or NIND, PP/SP ↑↑ RR [63 ] Actin CSF Dot-blot 35 MS (RR/SP/PP) MS ↑↑ OIND or NIND, PP/SP ↑↑ RR [63 ] Gelsolin CSF/PL Western blot 56 MS PL levels in MS ↓↓ Co*, CSF levels in MS ↔ Co* [96 ] Tau CSF ELISA (t-t) 38 MS (RR) + 52 CIS CIS ↑↑ NHCo [25 ] CSF ELISA (t-t) 45 MS (RR/SP/PP) MS ↑↑ OIND + NIND, SP ↔ RR ↔ PP [110 ] CSF ELISA (t-t, p-t) 42 RRMS + 18 CIS t-tau and p-tau in MS+CIS↑↑ NHCo, t-tau in CIS ↑↑ NHCo [109 ] CSF ELISA (t-t) 38 MS (RR/SP/PP) + 12 CIS MS+CIS↔ NHCo [104 ] CSF ELISA (t-t) 76 MS (RR/SP/PP) + 38 CIS MS/CIS ↔ NHCo [54 ] CSF ELISA (t-t) 114 MS (RR/SP/PP) MS ↑↑ NIND [108 ] CSF ELISA (t-t) 52 MS (RR/SP/PP) + 50 CIS MS+CIS ↑↑ NHCo, the highest in CIS [103 ] CSF ELISA (t-t) 20 MS (RR/progressive MS) MS ↔ NHCo [111 ] CSF ELISA (t-t) 36 MS (RR/SP/PP) MS ↑↑ NHCo [107 ] CSF ELISA (t-t, p-t) 25 RRMS MS ↔ OIND or NIND [112 ] CSF/SE ELISA (t-t, p-t) 21 CIS CIS ↔ Co** [105 ] CSF ELISA (t-t, p-t) 14 MS + 9 CIS MS ↔ CIS ↔ NHCo [106 ] CSF ELISA (t-t) 43 MS (RR/SP/PP/PR) + 20 CIS MS ↔ CIS ↔ NHCo+OND [140 ] Amyloid β 42 CSF/SE ELISA 21 CIS CIS ↔ Co** [105 ] Amyloid β 42 CSF ELISA 14 MS + 9 CIS MS ↑↑NHCo [106 ] Amyloid β 42 CSF xMAP 100 MS (RR/SP/PP) MS ↓↓ NHCo [122 ] α -sAPPCSF Multiplex Assay 100 MS (RR/SP/PP) MS ↓↓ NHCo [122 ] β -sAPPCSF Multiplex Assay 100 MS (RR/SP/PP) MS ↓↓ NHCo [122 ] Bri2-23 CSF SELDI-TOF 40 MS (SP/PP) MS ↓ OND [125 ] NAA CSF GC-MS 76 MS (RR/SP/PP) + 38 CIS SP ↓↓ RR/CIS, CIS ↔ RR ↔ NHCo [54 ] CSF GC-MS 46 MS (RR/SP/PP) MS ↔ OND, SP ↓↓ RR [141 ] NSE CSF Luminescence 66 MS (RR/SP) MS ↔ HCo [64 ] SE RIA 21 MS levels within normal range [142 ] PL Luminescence 64 MS (RR/SP/PP) progressive MS ↓ RR [143 ] CSF/SE ELISA 21 CIS CIS ↓ Co** [105 ] CSF Immunoluminometry 33MS (RR/SP) RR ↔ SP [144 ]
REF: reference; APP: amyloid-precursor protein; NAA: N-acetylaspartate; NSE: neuron-specific enolase; SE: serum; PL: plasma; ELISA: Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; t-t: total tau protein, p-t: abnormally phosphorylated tau protein; xMAP: xMap Bead-based immunoassay; SELDI-TOF: Surface-Enhanced Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-Of-Flight; GC-MS: stable isotope dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; RIA: radioimmunoassay; RR: relapsing-remitting MS; SP: secondary-progressive MS; PP: primary-progressive MS; ↑↑ significantly higher than; ↓↓ significantly lower than; ↓ lower than; ↔ no difference between; OIND: other inflammatory neurological diseases; NIND: noninflammatory neurological disorders; Co: controls with *idiopathic headache, Bell’s palsy and ischialgia or **idiopathic headache and migraine; NHCo: neurologically healthy controls; OND: other neurological diseases; HCo: healthy controls.