Multiple Sclerosis International / 2011 / Article / Tab 5 / Review Article
Cerebrospinal Fluid and Blood Biomarkers of Neuroaxonal Damage in Multiple Sclerosis Table 5 Membrane and nuclear biomarkers of neuroaxonal damage in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and/or clinically isolated syndrome suggestive of MS (CIS).
Biomarker (subtype) Body fluid Immunoassay Number of patients Main findings REF BACE1 (membrane) CSF Enzymatic 100 MS (RR/SP/PP) MS slightly↓ NHCo [122 ] Apo- E (membrane) CSF/SE Immunofluorometry 34 MS CSF levels in MS ↓↓ NHCo [159 ] CSF 2DE-MS 10 RRMS + 11 CIS one isoform expression in RR ↑↑ CIS or NHCo [161 ] CSF/SE Immunoturbidimetry 33 MS (RR) CSF/serum index in MS in remission ↑↑ NHCo [160 ] GAP-43 (membrane) CSF/SE xMap Bead –based 49 MS (RR/SP/PP) CSF in RR ↔ SP ↔ PP ↔ OIND + NIND + HCo, not detected in serum [167 ] CSF xMap Bead –based 44 MS (RR/SP/PP) significant positive correlation with NAA levels [141 ] 24S-OH-chol (membrane) PL IDMS 46 MS (RR/PP) negative correlation with T2 lesion volume [169 ] PL IDMS 11 MS MS ↔ HCo [170 ] CSF/PL IDMS 118 MS (RR/SP/PP) PL levels in older MS ↓↓ HCo [171 ] SE IDMS 60 MS (RR/SP/PP) PP or older RR ↓ HCo [172 ] CSF/PL IDMS 88 MS PL levels in MS ↔ Co [173 ] Protein 14-3-3 (cytoplasmic, nuclear, membrane) CSF Western blot 22 MS (RR/SP/PP) + 15 ATM detected in about 8% RR/ATM patients [174 ] CSF Immunoblot 38 CIS detected in 13% CIS patients [175 ] CSF/SE Immunoblot 21 CIS detected in 1/21 patient [105 ] CSF ELISA 114 MS (RR/SP/PP) detected in 22% MS patients, not detected in HCo [108 ] CSF Immunoblot 43 MS (RR/SP/PP/PR) + 20 CIS detected in 38% CIS/MS, similar in MS subgroups [140 ] CSF Immunoblot 85 CIS detected in 8.2 % CIS patients [176 ]
REF: reference; BACE1: β -site amyloid precursor protein-cleaving enzyme 1; Apo-E: Apolipoprotein-E; GAP-43: growth-associated protein-43; 24S-OH-chol: 24S-hydroxycholesterol; SE: serum; PL: plasma; Enzymatic: Enzymatic solution-based assay; 2DE-MS: two-dimensional electrophoresis-mass spectrometry; IDMS: isotope-dilution mass spectrometry; ELISA: Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; RR: relapsing-remitting MS; SP: secondary-progressive MS; PP: primary-progressive MS; ATM: acute transverse myelitis; NAA: N-acetylaspartate; ↓ lower than; ↓↓ significantly lower than; ↑↑ significantly higher than; ↔ no difference between; NHCo: neurologically healthy controls; OIND: other inflammatory neurological diseases; NIND: noninflammatory neurological disorders; HCo: healthy controls; Co: controls with idiopathic headache.