|
Study | Method | Number of patients | Relevant findings |
|
Calabrese et al. 2007 [42] | Cross sectional 1.5T; DIR | 116 CIS, 163 RRMS, 101 SPMS 40 HC | Cortical lesions occur in greater numbers in SPMS than in CIS or RRMS. Cortical lesion numbers are correlated with EDSS. |
Calabrese et al. 2009 [62] | 1 yr longitudinal 1.5T; DIR | 48 Benign MS 96 RRMS | Benign MS patients have lower numbers of cortical lesions and lower cortical lesion volumes as compared to early RRMS, and do not accumulate a statistically significant number of new lesions over 1 year. |
Roosendaal et al. 2009 [63] | 3 yr longitudinal 1.5T; DIR | 9 RRMS, 4 SPMS 7 HC | Cortical lesions increase significantly in MS patients over time and are associated with worse performance on neuropsychological measures. Cortical lesions are most frequent in SPMS. |
Calabrese et al. 2009 [64] | Cross sectional 1.5T; DIR | 70 RRMS | Cortical lesion volume and number correlate with most, but not all, of the cognitive tests of Rao’s brief repeatable battery. Cortical lesion volume is an independent predictor of the cognitive impairment index. |
Calabrese et al. 2010 [65] | 3 yr longitudinal 1.5T; DIR | 76 RRMS, 31 SPMS | Baseline cortical lesion volume best predicted disability progression (as measured by EDSS) over the follow-up period. |
Mike et al. 2011 [66] | Cross sectional 3T; 3D FLAIR & 3D IRSPGR | 20 RRMS, 6 SPMS | Cortical lesion number and volume independently predicted EDSS. Cortical lesion number and volume independently predicted performance measured by the Symbol Digit Modality Test. Only cortical lesion number predicted performance measured by the California Verbal Learn Test. |
Nelson et al. 2011 [67] | Cross sectional 3T; DIR/PSIR | 39 MS (Subtypes not specified) | Leukocortical lesion numbers are independently correlated with cognitive impairment, while purely intracortical lesions are not independent contributors. The size of cortical lesions, not the tissue specific location, may better explain the correlation with cognitive impairment. |
Calabrese et al. 2012 [68] | 3 yr longitudinal 1.5T; DIR | 32 RRMS with epilepsy, 60 RRMS without epilepsy | Cortical lesion number and volumes are larger in patients with epilepsy than those without. RRMS patients with epilepsy accumulate lesions at a faster rate than nonepileptic patients over 3 years. |
Calabrese et al. 2012 [69] | 5 yr longitudinal 1.5T; DIR | 157 RRMS, 35 Pediatric MS, 45 Benign MS, 44 PPMS, 31 SPMS | Higher cortical lesion loads correlate with higher EDSS. Patients with clinical progression have the highest rate of cortical lesion accumulation. Cortical lesion volumes are independent predictors of disability progression and cognitive impairment. |
|