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Study | Method | Number of Patients | Relevant Findings |
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Chen et al. 2004 [79] | 1 yr longitudinal 1.5T; cortical thickness | 24 RRMS, 6 SPMS | Cortical thickness decreased 3.13% ± 2.88%/year in patients with progressive disability. In stable patients 0.06 ± 2.31%/year change in cortical thickness. |
Tedeschi et al. 2005 [80] | Cross sectional 1.0T; GMF | 427 RRMS, 140 SPMS 104 HC | GMF is the most significant MRI variable in determining final disability as measured by EDSS. |
Morgen et al. 2006 [81] | Cross sectional 1.5T; NGMV | 19 RRMS 19 HC | Patients with low cognitive performance showed more extensive cortical volume loss than HC in the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes. |
Houtchens et al. 2007 [82] | Cross sectional 1.5T; NTV | 26 RRMS, 5 SPMS | Cognitive performance in all domains was correlated with thalamic volume in MS group ( 0.506–0.724, ) and EDSS (, ). |
Fisher et al. 2008 [83] | 4 yr longitudinal 1.5T; GMF | 7 CIS, 36 RRMS, 27 SPMS 17 HC | GMF correlated with both the MSFC and EDSS. Increasing contribution of GM atrophy to whole brain atrophy as MS advances. |
Fisniku et al. 2008 [84] | Cross sectional 1.5T; GMF | 29 CIS, 33 RRMS, 11 SPMS 25 HC | GMF, not white matter volume, correlated with clinical disability as measured by EDSS and MSFC. |
Horakova et al. 2009 [85] | 5 yr longitudinal 1.5T; NGMV | 181 Early RRMS 27 HC | NGMV and age were the best predictors of progression of EDSS. |
Rocca et al. 2010 [86] | 8 yr longitudinal 1.5T; NTV | 20 CIS, 34 RRMS, 19 SPMS 13 HC | Baseline thalamic atrophy significantly correlates with deterioration in EDSS score. |
Audoin et al. 2010 [87] | Cross sectional 1.5T; regional GMV | 62 CIS 37 HC | Right cerebellar atrophy correlated with EDSS scores but no correlation between regional atrophy and cognitive status. |
Calabrese et al. 2010 [88] | Cross sectional 1.5T; Cortical thickness | 100 RRMS 42 HC | A widespread pattern of cortical thinning is the best predictor of cognitive impairment as measured by the Rao’s Brief Repeatable Battery |
Calabrese et al. 2010 [89] | Cross sectional 1.5T; Cortical thickness, DGMV | 152 RRMS 42 HC | Significant atrophy of striatum, thalamus, superior frontal gyrus, and inferior parietal gyrus in fatigued patients compared to nonfatigued patients |
Calabrese et al. 2011 [90] | 4 yr longitudinal 1.5T; Cortical thickness | 105 CIS 42 HC | CIS with atrophy of the superior frontal gyrus, thalamus, and/or cerebellum doubled the risk of conversion to MS. |
Roosendaal et al. 2011 [91] | Cross sectional 1.5T; NGMV | 95 CIS, 657 RRMS, 125 SPMS, 50 PPMS | NGMV was the strongest predictor of disability and cognitive impairment as measured by EDSS and PASAT. |
Nocentini et al. 2012 [92] | Cross sectional 1.5T; GMF, regional GMV | 13 RRMS, 5 SPMS | Significant associations found between scores on the SDMT and LDCR-CVLT with regional GM atrophy in prefrontal, parietal, temporal, and insular cortex |
Amato et al. 2012 [93] | Cross sectional 1.5T; NCV | 29 RIS, 26 RRMS 21 HC | In RIS, lower NCV correlated with worse cognitive performance. |
Batista et al. 2012 [94] | Cross sectional 3.0T; NCV, NDGMV | 59 RRMS, 27 SPMS | Both NCV and deep gray matter volumes are significantly correlated with cognitive impairment. Thalamic atrophy plays significant role in IPS slowing. |
Zivadinov et al. 2013 [95] | 2 yr longitudinal 1.5T; NCV | 136 RRMS | Significant cortical atrophy occurs in early RRMS over 2 years and is associated disability progression. |
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