Effects of Walking Direction and Cognitive Challenges on Gait in Persons with Multiple Sclerosis

Table 1

Main effects and two-way interactions for spatiotemporal gait parameters.

Main effects

Velocity (cm/s)

Cadence (steps/min)

Stride length (cm)

Mean ± SD

𝐹

𝑃

𝜂^2

Mean ± SD

𝐹

𝑃

𝜂^2

Mean ± SD

𝐹

𝑃

𝜂^2

Group

MS

105.6 ± 37.5

10.8

0.00

0.37

109.1 ± 23.3

1.3

0.27

0.07

114.2 ± 25.2

19.9

<0.01

0.52

Control

138.4 ± 18.4

115.9 ± 9.2

143.9 ± 18.0

Direction

Forward

136.1 ± 23.8

36.0

<0.01

0.67

113.7 ± 12.1

0.4

0.56

0.02

143.3 ± 18.2

141.8

<0.01

0.89

Backward

107.9 ± 36.4

111.3 ± 22.4

114.8 ± 25.7

Cognitive condition

None

127.2 ± 32.7

25.5

<0.01

0.59

116.8 ± 15.1

14.5

<0.01

0.45

130.3 ± 27.8

3.2

0.09

0.15

Dual

116.7 ± 34.3

108.2 ± 19.6

127.8 ± 25.2

Group × direction

MS forward

125.5 ± 27.5

6.1

0.02

0.25

113.3 ± 15.8

1.9

0.18

0.10

132.1 ± 16.6

9.4

<0.01

0.34

MS backward

85.7 ± 36.1

105.0 ± 28.8

96.2 ± 18.5

Control forward

146.7 ± 13.1

114.2 ± 7.0

154.5 ± 11.9

Control backward

130.0 ± 19.4

117.5 ± 10.9

133.3 ± 16.9

Group × cognitive condition

MS none

113.5 ± 38.0

6.5

0.02

0.26

116.3 ± 20.1

6.3

0.02

0.26

115.8 ± 28.0

0.2

0.68

0.01

MS dual

97.7 ± 36.3

101.9 ± 24.5

112.6 ± 22.5

Control none

141.0 ± 18.6

117.3 ± 7.8

144.9 ± 18.8

Control dual

135.8 ± 18.2

114.4 ± 10.4

142.9 ± 17.6

Direction × cognitive condition

Forward none

143.2 ± 19.7

4.5

0.05

0.20

117.3 ± 9.0

1.6

0.22

0.08

146.8 ± 16.8

11.9

<0.01

0.40

Forward dual

129.0 ± 25.9

110.2 ± 13.8

139.8 ± 19.3

Backward none

111.3 ± 35.6

116.4 ± 19.6

113.9 ± 27.1

Backward dual

104.5 ± 37.7

106.2 ± 24.3

115.7 ± 24.9

Note: bolded values represent statistically significant effects.