Association between Smoking and Health Outcomes in Postmenopausal Women Living with Multiple Sclerosis
Table 2
Association between smoking status and change in health-related quality of life measures over 3 years among postmenopausal women with multiple sclerosis in the Women’s Health Initiative Observational Study.
Exposure
Physical component score (3-year baseline)
Mental component score (3-year baseline)
Mean change (standard deviation)
-Coefficient
Mean change (standard deviation)
-Coefficient
Crude
Adjusted1 (95% confidence interval)
Crude
Adjusted1 (95% confidence interval)
Smoking history
Never smokers
−0.65 (8.6)
Ref.
Ref
−0.84 (12.1)
Ref.
Ref.
Ever smokers
−1.10 (9.5)
−0.45
0.05 (−3.3 to 3.4)
0.12 (11.5)
0.96
0.25 (−4.1 to 4.6)
Former smokers
−0.74 (9.1)
−0.10
1.67 (−4.0 to 7.3)
−0.25 (11.2)
0.59
−1.82 (−5.9 to 9.5)
Current smokers
−2.97 (11.7)
−2.33
−0.90 (−6.7 to 4.9)
2.08 (13.4)
2.91
1.80 (−9.3 to 5.6)
Age started smoking (years)
<20
−1.25 (9.6)
1.25
1.64 (−7.0 to 10.3)
−0.93 (11.4)
−10.03
−10.45 (−19.1 to −1.8)
20 to 24
−0.58 (9.0)
1.93
2.33 (−6.9 to 11.6)
0.72 (11.2)
−8.37
−8.9 (−18.2 to 0.3)
25 or older
−2.51 (12.3)
Ref.
Ref.
9.09 (12.4)
Ref.
Ref.
Cigarettes smoked (per day)
<15
−1.73 (8.3)
Ref.
Ref.
0.71 (10.3)
Ref.
Ref.
15 or more
−0.46 (10.7)
1.64
1.32 (−2.9 to 5.5)
−0.47 (12.7)
−1.07
−1.16 (−6.7 to 4.4)
Years smoked regularly
<30
−1.89 (8.8)
Ref.
Ref.
1.12 (10.6)
Ref.
Ref.
30 or more
−0.12 (11.1)
1.77
2.41 (−2.0 to 6.8)
−1.89 (13.3)
−3.01
−3.29 (−9.1 to 2.6)
Number of smoking pack-years
<10
−1.65 (8.2)
Ref.
Ref.
−0.05 (11.2)
Ref.
Ref.
10 to 29
−2.31 (9.0)
−0.14
−1.55 (−6.0 to 2.9)
2.89 (10.1)
3.19
3.85 (−2.0 to 9.7)
30 or more
1.21 (9.9)
3.10
2.41 (−4.5 to 9.3)
−4.15 (13.9)
−2.48
−3.49 (−12.5 to 5.5)
Age quit smoking (years)
<40
−2.94 (8.9)
Ref.
Ref.
1.79 (10.8)
Ref.
Ref.
40 or older
0.46 (9.9)
2.62
3.46 (−1.3 to 8.2)
−2.82 (11.9)
−4.94
−4.44 (−10.8 to 1.9)
Adjusted for the following baseline confounders: age, education, race/ethnicity, years since menopause, alcohol use, depression, and body mass index. Bonferroni corrections applied to confidence intervals to adjust for multiple comparisons.
