Association between Smoking and Health Outcomes in Postmenopausal Women Living with Multiple Sclerosis
Table 3
Association between smoking status and change in physical functioning and activity scores over 3 years among postmenopausal women with multiple sclerosis in the Women’s Health Initiative Observational Study.
Exposure
Activities of daily living (3-year baseline)
Physical activity (3-year baseline)
Mean change (standard deviation)
-Coefficient
Mean change (standard deviation)
-Coefficient
Crude
Adjusted1 (95% confidence interval)
Crude
Adjusted1 (95% confidence interval)
Smoking history
Never smokers
0.01 (0.5)
Ref.
Ref.
−3.66 (12.3)
Ref.
Ref.
Ever smokers
−0.02 (0.6)
−0.03
−0.06 (−0.3 to 0.1)
−0.53 (9.8)
3.35
3.81 (0.00 to 7.6)
Former smokers
−0.01 (0.53)
0.09
0.09 (−0.2 to 0.4)
−0.60 (10.2)
−0.76
−1.06 (−7.9 to 5.7)
Current smokers
−0.10 (0.62)
−0.11
−0.14 (−0.5 to 0.2)
−0.19 (7.0)
4.00
4.72 (−2.3 to 11.7)
Age started smoking (years)
<20
0.0 (0.6)
0.25
0.25 (−0.3 to 0.8)
−0.52 (9.3)
−1.45
−1.09 (−11.6 to 9.4)
20 to 24
−0.03 (0.4)
0.22
0.21 (−0.3 to 0.8)
−0.89 (11.3)
−2.06
−2.02 (−13.2 to 9.4)
25 or older
0.25 (0.5)
Ref.
Ref.
9.09 (12.4)
Ref.
Ref.
Cigarettes smoked (per day)
<15
−0.04 (0.39)
Ref.
Ref.
0.14 (11.0)
Ref.
Ref.
15 or more
0.0 (0.7)
0.04
0.05 (−0.2 to 0.3)
−1.2 (8.4)
−1.80
−1.58 (−6.4 to 3.3)
Years smoked regularly
<30
−0.08 (0.6)
Ref.
Ref.
0.04 (11.1)
Ref.
Ref.
30 or more
0.06 (0.5)
0.14
0.15 (−0.1 to 0.4)
−1.07 (6.8)
−0.92
−0.93 (−6.1 to 4.2)
Number of smoking pack- years
<10
−0.06 (0.4)
Ref.
Ref.
−0.84 (9.6)
Ref.
Ref.
10 to 29
−0.02 (0.3)
−0.04
−0.05 (−0.3 to 0.2)
−0.96 (11.8)
2.18
2.50 (−2.7 to 7.7)
30 or more
−0.27 (1.2)
−0.29
−0.28 (−0.7 to 0.1)
−0.40 (4.6)
0.83
1.76 (−6.3 to 9.9)
Age quit smoking (years)
<40
0.01 (0.5)
Ref.
Ref.
−0.60 (10.1)
Ref.
Ref.
40 or older
−0.10 (0.6)
−0.16
−0.15 (−0.4 to 0.1)
−1.09 (8.8)
−0.58
−0.67 (−6.2 to 4.8)
Adjusted for the following baseline confounders: age, education, race/ethnicity, years since menopause, alcohol use, depression, and body mass index. Bonferroni corrections applied to confidence intervals to adjust for multiple comparisons.
