Association between Smoking and Health Outcomes in Postmenopausal Women Living with Multiple Sclerosis
Table 4
Association between smoking status and change in menopausal symptoms over 3 years among postmenopausal women with multiple sclerosis in the Women’s Health Initiative Observational Study.
Exposure
Menopausal symptoms (3-year baseline)
Mean change (standard deviation)
β-Coefficient
Crude
Adjusted1 (95% confidence interval)
Smoking history
Never smokers
0.15 (1.5)
Ref.
Ref.
Ever smokers
0.07 (1.3)
−0.07
−0.06 (−0.5 to 0.4)
Former smokers
0.06 (1.3)
−0.12
−0.09 (−0.9 to 0.7)
Current smokers
0.17 (1.5)
0.03
0.01 (−0.8 to 0.9)
Age started smoking (years)
<20
0.08 (1.5)
0.37
0.55 (−0.8 to 1.9)
20 to 24
0.00 (0.9)
0.25
0.37 (−1.1 to 1.8)
25 or older
−0.25 (1.4)
Ref.
Ref.
Cigarettes smoked (per day)
<15
0.12 (1.1)
Ref.
Ref.
15 or more
0.03 (1.6)
−0.09
−0.09 (−0.7 to 0.5)
Years smoked regularly
<30
0.03 (1.2)
Ref.
Ref.
30 or more
0.14 (1.6)
0.11
0.10 (−0.6 to 0.7)
Number of smoking pack-years
<10
0.09 (1.4)
Ref.
Ref.
10 to 29
0.25 (1.2)
0.12
0.07 (−0.6 to 0.7)
30 or more
−0.12 (1.7)
−0.99
−0.87 (−1.9 to −0.1)
Age quit smoking (years)
<40
0.12 (1.2)
Ref.
Ref.
40 or older
0.03 (1.4)
0.05
0.02 (−0.7 to 0.7)
Adjusted for the following baseline confounders: age, education, race/ethnicity, years since menopause, alcohol use, depression, and body mass index. Bonferroni corrections applied to confidence intervals to adjust for multiple comparisons.