Circadian Levels of Serum Melatonin and Cortisol in relation to Changes in Mood, Sleep, and Neurocognitive Performance, Spanning a Year of Residence in Antarctica

Table 4

Mean scores, standard deviation, and percentage of personnel reporting depression, anxiety, stress (DASS-42), and daytime sleepiness (ESS) and the corresponding mini mental status (MMSE) score during summer, winter, and before departure.

		Summer		Winter				Departure
S. no	Scale	Mean ± SD	N (%) with	Mean ± SD	N (%) with	P	Effect	Mean ± SD	N (%) with
			abnormal score		abnormal score	value^£	Size (d)^†		abnormal score
1	DASS 42
	Depression	5.0 ± 1.07	0 (0%)	7.7 ± 3.2	4 (20%)	0.002	−1.131	6.45 ± 2.35	2 (10%)
	Anxiety	6.4 ± 0.99	11 (55%)	7.6 ± 1.56	11 (55%)	0.005	−0.918	6.85 ± 1.64	5 (40%)
	Stress	11.5 ± 4.24	4 (20%)	14.4 ± 4.86	10 (20%)	0.040	−0.635	12.4 ± 4.13	6 (30%)
2	ESS	7.95 ± 3.01	4 (20%)	9.4 ± 2.47	7 (35%)	0.04	−0.526	8.45 ± 2.13	5 (40%)
3	MMSE	28.4 ± 1.84	—	28.25 ± 1.88	—	0.72	0.080	28.15 ± 1.66	—

^£Paired sample T test for significant difference of means between summer and winter values. ^†Cohen’s d for effect size.
DASS 42: depression anxiety and stress scale; SD: standard deviation; ESS: Epworth sleepiness scale; MMSE: Mini mental status examination.